As long as the soul is within me, I will thank You, HaShem my God and God of my ancestors, Master of all works, Lord of all souls. It cannot be used on my laptop. [15], The governments of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were based on a system that included the Jewish kings, the Jewish prophets, the legal authority of the high court of Jerusalem, the Great Sanhedrin, and the ritual authority of the priesthood. In practical terms, Jewish communities and individuals commonly proffer allegiance to the authority of the rabbi they have chosen. Typically the rabbi receives an institutional stamp of approval. As Prof. Ismar Elbogen said in his monumental study of Jewish Liturgy: It is well known how many baseless accusations the text of [Kol Nidre] has aroused against Jews in the course of centuries. The synagogues at Bevis Marks, Lauderdale Road and Wembley are all owned by the same community, formally known as Sahar Asamaim (Sha'ar ha-Shamayim), and have no separate organisational identities. Most prayers and blessings can be found in the Siddur, or prayer book. . This longstanding and widespread tradition introduces a break in the verse which leads to varying opinions regarding whether the phrase "according to His will" applies to "which he created" or to "Magnified and sanctified". Their words, lo! [46] In particular, there are a few permutations, as follows: Yahrzeit is done each year, for a full day on the date of death according to the Hebrew calendar. This literal participation in the burial is considered a particularly good mitzvah because it is one for which the beneficiarythe deceasedcan offer no repayment or gratitude and thus it is a pure gesture. Ahron Soloveichik, Od Yosef Yisrael Beni Hai, History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire, A Very Special Drawn Together Afterschool Special, "Virtual Cantor's Kaddish Shalem for Shabbat Mussaf", "Virtual Cantor's Hatzi Kaddish for Yom Kippur", "For the Solitary Mourner: A Prayer of Godly Praise", "Text of the Mourner's Kaddish in Hebrew, with English transliteration and translation", "Five Reasons to Read: STRAIGHT, by sam sax", "Search elegy for dachau armstrong | Sheet music at JW Pepper", " / ( )", "Nili Isenberg: Can her melding of music and prayer inspire a generation? "Who Will Say Kaddish? For this reason, Jews will do mitzvot for the elevation of the soul (L'Illui NishMat - , sometimes abbreviated LI"N (")) of a person who passed away, even for a stranger. Just call us S&P Sephardi | the Jewish Chronicle", "When Christian Power Was Arrayed Against a Judeo-Muslim Ideology | YaleGlobal Online", "Jews & New Christians in Portuguese Asia 15001700 Webcast | Library of Congress", "THE PORTUGUESE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF MADRAS, INDIA, IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY", The Pronunciation of Hebrew in the Western Sephardic Settlements (16th20th Centuries). [32], The alteration which was made by Mer ben Samuel, who concurred with Isaac ibn Ghayyat's view, was accepted in the German, northern French, and Polish rituals as well as in those rituals which were dependent on them, but it was not accepted in the Spanish, Roman, and Provenal rituals. All Rights Reserved. Jewish parents name their children for (departed) loved ones, for special events, or choose any Jewish name that they find beautiful.A Jewish baby boys name is given at his circumcision, and a baby girls name is traditionally conferred at the The leader then says: "O pardon the iniquities of this people, according to Thy abundant mercy, just as Thou forgave this people ever since they left Egypt." In 1840, Rabbi Leopold Stein (who later became the Rabbi of Frankfurt on Main) published a volume of German language prayers and hymns offered as additions or alternatives to the traditional ones, and for a substitute for Kol Nidre he provided the hymn (apparently his own work), "O Tag des Herrn!" The location of the biblical Sepharad is disputed, but Sepharad was identified by later Jews as Hispania, that is, the Iberian Peninsula. ", "6-week course delves into 'The Journey of the Soul", "Where does your soul go when you die? In 1505 Portugal made Cochin its eastern headquarters, and in 1510 Goa was established as the capital of Portuguese India. The text of the Amidah changes depending on the occasion, but it always opens with a prayer that invokes the Jewish peoples earliest ancestors: the patriarchs (and, in some prayer traditions, the matriarchs). Lastly, the suicide of a minor is considered a result of a lack of understanding ("da'at"), and in such a case, regular mourning is observed. Main article: Hanukkah Blessings However the onen is still obligated in commandments that forbid an action (such as not violating the Shabbat). [13], The readiness with which vows were made and the facility with which they were annulled by the scribes gave the Karaites an opportunity to attack rabbinic Jews. When we recite Yizkor, we renew and strengthen the connection between us and our loved one, bringing merit to the departed souls, elevating Reviewed in the United States on March 26, 2017. Please read the, Relation to Sephardic Bnei Anusim and Neo-Western Sephardim, In Germany, Northern Europe and Eastern Europe, In India and the East Indies Goa, Cochin, Chennai and Malacca, Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jews, An extreme rather than a typical example is, This is the view of them taken in the rabbinic. The remainder of the arm-tefillin straps are then wound three times around the middle finger and around the hand. ca. And then the leader and congregation say together three times, "The Lord said, 'I pardon them according to your words.'" . The text of the Amidah changes depending on the occasion, but it always opens with a prayer that invokes the Jewish peoples earliest ancestors: the patriarchs (and, in some prayer traditions, the matriarchs). When someone is finished, they put the shovel back in the ground, rather than handing it to the next person, to avoid passing along their grief to other mourners. : Mixtures of milk and meat (Hebrew: , romanized: basar bechalav, lit. In Sephardic and Yemenite custom there is no Yizkor prayer, but the Hashkabth serve a similar role in the service. Strictly speaking, it is not a prayer, even though it is commonly spoken of as if it is a prayer. This was achieved with the help of. Traditionally, prayer services are organized in the house of mourning. According to Jewish belief, once a person dies, there is no way for them to accrue merit anymore through doing the mitzvoth themselves. Translation: Blessed are You, LORDour God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, sustained us, and enabled us to reach this season., This blessing is made on immersion in amikvah(ritual bath), e.g. As a result, there have always been greater or lesser disputes about the legitimacy and authority of rabbis. tehillim 18, Tehillim - Psalms - Chapter 18. The Hekhl has its parochet (curtain) inside its doors, rather than outside. : The Reader's Kaddish is NOT a full reader's kaddish. Halachic rabbinic authority in the modern open society. The candle is held up in the air and those present look at the reflection of the light on their fingernails. [81] The chain of semikhah was probably lost in the 4th or 5th century, though possibly as late as the 12th century. The spices are then passed around and smelled by those present. There is no universal restriction about the timing, other than the unveiling cannot be held during Shabbat, (work-restricted) Jewish holidays, or Chol Ha'Moed.[32][33]. Islam 101 contains a blend of interesting facts , narrative, illustrations, inspirational poems, and quotes and speeches from Carly Fiorina, CEO at HP, President George Bush and Prince Charles, among others, that engage the reader in an exploration of the Islamic faith and worldview.visalia-tulare sublets & Translation: Blessed are You, LORDour God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candle[s]., TheChabadversion of the blessing adds the word at the end of the blessing, making the candle of the holy Shabbat, transliterated, ner shel Shabbat kodesh., (Havdalahis recited Saturday night, usually about an hour aftersunset, measured as the time when three stars appear in the sky, at which timeShabbatis over.). See why. I love this on kIndle. Judah ben Barzillai (Spain, 12th century), in his work on Jewish law "Sefer haIttim", declares that the custom of reciting the Kol Nidre was unjustifiable and misleading, since many ignorant persons believe that all their vows and oaths are annulled through this formula, and consequently they take such obligations on themselves carelessly. There are some customs that are unique to an individual mourning a parent. Saadia Gaon (early 10th century) wished to restrict it to those vows extorted from the congregation in the synagogue in times of persecution,[77] and he declared explicitly that the "Kol Nidre" gave no absolution from oaths an individual took during the year.[74]. [22] For this reason the Spanish and Portuguese Jews of England often cite 1656 as the year of re-admission, but look to Charles II as the real sponsor of their community. A longer version of kaddish to mark the end one of the major prayers, and is said after the amida. Most rabbinical students will complete their studies in their mid-20s. In a given city, there was often an "Italian synagogue" and a "Spanish synagogue", and occasionally a "German synagogue" as well. If the funeral occurs during a festival, the start of the mourning period is delayed to the end of the festival. [77], The first recorded examples of ordination are Moses transmitting his authority to Joshua[78] and the 70 elders. Jewish-origin New Christians were officially considered Christians due to their forced or coerced conversions; as such they were subject to the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church's Inquisitorial system, and were subject to harsh heresy and apostasy laws if they continued to practice their ancestral Jewish faith. In the 1959 television version, it is sung by Jewish comedian Jerry Lewis. P173. , , , , , . Yizkor, in Hebrew, means "Remember. There are still Jewish communities in the North African exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. A prayer recited in the synagogue at the beginning of the evening service onYom Kippur(. The title "Rabbi" occurs (in Greek transliteration rabbi) in the books of Matthew, Mark, and John in the New Testament, where it is used in reference to "Scribes and Pharisees" as well as to Jesus. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaddish&oldid=1116391088, Aramaic words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Articles with dead external links from May 2022, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This feature is shared by other Sephardic groups, but is not found in Israeli Hebrew. A dramatic change in rabbinic functions occurred with Jewish emancipation. The term Sephardi means "Spanish" or "Hispanic", and is derived from Sepharad, a Biblical location. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. RAMAK: "Happy they are from Binah and the Shekhina is called "Kak" (for whom). Learn more. [73] According to Jewish doctrine, the sole purpose of this prayer is to give protection from divine punishment in case of violation of the vow. The Hebrew root in turn derives from the Semitic root -- (R-B-B), which in Biblical Aramaic means "great" in many senses, including "revered", but appears primarily as a prefix in construct forms. By the fifteenth century it was the norm for Jewish communities to compensate their rabbis, although the rabbi's contract might well refer to a "suspension fee" (sekhar battalah) rather than a salary, as if he were relinquishing a salary from secular employment. Philip Birnbaum, in his edition of the Mahzor, comments on this passage: "It refers to vows assumed by an individual for himself alone, where no other persons or interests are involved. Like the Amsterdam community, the London Spanish and Portuguese community early set up a Medrash do Heshaim (Ets Haim). Composer and cellist Auguste van Biene recorded his own arrangement of Kol Nidre in around 1908, with an unidentified pianist.[94]. In the Sephardic tradition, a parent often wraps the bride and groom in a tallit (prayer shawl) before the recitation of the blessings, to recognize the intimacy and significance of the moment. In later generations, people had to avoid known Jewish practices that might attract undesired attention: conversos in group 3 evolved a home-made Judaism with practices peculiar to themselves, while those in group 2 had a purely intellectual conception of Judaism based on their reading of ancient Jewish sources preserved by the Church such as the Vulgate Old Testament, the Apocrypha, Philo and Josephus. In the burial kaddish, and that after a siyum according to Ashkenazim,i, lines 2-3 are replaced by: In some recent non-Orthodox prayerbooks, for example, the American Reform Machzor,[2] line 36 is replaced with: This effort to extend the reach of Oseh Shalom to non-Jews is said to have been started by the British Liberal Jewish movement in 1967, with the introduction of v'al kol bnai Adam ("and upon all humans");[3] these words continue to be used by some in the UK. Mixtures of milk and meat (Hebrew: , romanized: basar bechalav, lit. Dissident congregants, together with some Ashkenazim, accordingly founded the West London Synagogue in Burton Street in 1841. [17] By the 11th century, as the geonate weakened it was common for Jewish communities to elect a local spiritual authority. A prayer of reverence for the synagogue, recited in the morning upon entering. The cantorial style of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews adheres to the general Sephardi principle that every word is sung out loud and that most of the ritual is performed communally rather than soloistically (although nowadays in the New York community, the Pesukei dezimra (zemirot) throughout the year, Hallel on festivals or the new moon, and several of the selichot during Yom Kippur are chanted in a manner more similar to the Ashkenazi practice of reading only the first and last few verses of each paragraph aloud). The current London minhag is generally close to the Amsterdam minhag, but follows the Livorno tradition in some detailsmost notably in the Birkat Hamazon. During the Kaddish immediately before the Amidah, where everyone stands; During the Mourner's Kaddish, where those reciting it stand and everyone else sits. However, Hasidic communities do not have a mere rabbi: they have a Rebbe, who plays a similar role but is thought to have a special connection to God. , . : , : Two blessings are recited as the Hanukkah candles are lit. The service may include a brief eulogy for the deceased. "[24] From Germany this custom spread to southern France, Spain, Greece, and probably to northern France, and was in time generally adopted. (quoting Numbers 14:20). Kaddish or Qaddish or Qadish (Imperial Aramaic: "holy") is a hymn praising God that is recited during Jewish prayer services. Given their Christian cultural background and high level of European-style education, the new emigrants were less likely to follow the example of the 1492 expellees by settling in the Ottoman Empire, where a complete culture change would be required.[18]. These expelled Jews settled mainly around the Mediterranean Basin of Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, namely, Salonika, the Balkans and Turkey, and they became the Eastern Sephardim and North African Sephardim respectively. When we recite Yizkor, we renew and strengthen the connection between us and our loved one, bringing merit to the departed souls, elevating There are only two remaining Spanish and Portuguese synagogues in the United States: Shearith Israel in New York, and Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia. Yahrtzeit literally means "time of [one] year". Regarding Goa, the Jewish Virtual Library states that "From the early decades of the 16th century many New Christians from Portugal came to Goa. They were generally not numerous enough to establish their own synagogues, instead meeting for prayer in each other's houses. These debates cause great problems for recognition of Jewish marriages, conversions, and other life decisions that are touched by Jewish law. [17] (However, another opinion holds that "Rabbi" and "Rav" are the same title, pronounced differently due to variations in dialect. : There were Portuguese Jews living in Hamburg as early as the 1590s. Wine made from other fruits, and other alcohols, require theShehakolblessing (see below). Sometimes, a distinction is made between the different forms of Kaddish, or each congregant stands or sits according to his or her own custom. As they achieved prominent positions in trade and in the Royal administration, they attracted considerable resentment from the "Old Christians". The Musaf Amidah (125-174) After a brief prayer by the leader and Kaddish, we continue with the Musaf Amidah, the silent prayer recited while standing, on pages 125-139. One custom is for all people present at the funeral to take a spade or shovel, held pointing down instead of up, to show the antithesis of death to life and that this use of the shovel is different from all other uses, to throw three shovelfuls of dirt into the grave. [19]) Sherira Gaon summarized the relationship between these titles as follows: "Rabbi is greater than Rav, Rabban is greater than Rabbi, one's name is greater than Rabban".[20]. Transliteration:Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha`olam, bore pri haadama. Portugal was allotted responsibility over lands east of the Tordesillas meridian. Any bleeding is stopped and all blood is buried along with the deceased. In the 21st century among the Caribbean islands, only Curaao and Jamaica still have communities of Spanish and Portuguese Jews. Technically, there is no obligation to recite Kaddish for other relatives, even though there is an obligation to mourn for them.[36]. Jews are required to commemorate the death of parents, siblings, spouses, or children.[44]. Over time, however, most crypto-Jews both of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry had left Portugal by the 18th century. The curriculum for obtaining ordination as rabbis for Haredi scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students wishing to obtain the official title of "Rabbi" and to be recognized as such. I like this book but there are a few minor things that bug me. It is common that the entire congregation recites lines 8 and 9 with the leader, and it is also common that the congregation will include in its collective recitation the first word of the next line (line 10). From the 1st to 5th centuries, the title "Rabbi" was given to those sages of the Land of Israel who received formal ordination (semicha), while the lesser title "Rav" was given to sages who taught in the Babylonian academies, as ordination could not be performed outside the Land of Israel. In this prayer, we implore Gd to remember the souls of our relatives and friends that have passed on.. The same pattern is true within broader communities, ranging from Hasidic communities to rabbinical or congregational organizations: there will be a formal or de facto structure of rabbinic authority that is responsible for the members of the community. In the liturgy, different versions of the Kaddish are functionally chanted or sung as separators of the different sections of the service. , . . Works of theology as well as reza books (siddurim) were written in Castilian rather than in Portuguese; while, even in works written in Portuguese such as the Thesouro dos Dinim, quotations from the Bible or the prayer book were usually given in Spanish. According to the Talmud, it is a commandment (mitzvah) to honor a rabbi and a Torah scholar, along with the elderly, as it is written in Leviticus 19:32, "Rise up before the elderly, and honor the aged. According to the original Ashkenazic custom, as well as the Yemenite custom, one mourner recites each Kaddish, and the Halachic authorities set down extensive rules to determine who has priority for each kaddish. Over half of Spain's Jewish origin population had converted to Catholicism as a result of the religious anti-Jewish persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391. Translation: Blessed are You, LORDour God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments, and commanded us regarding the commandment of fringes.. After the issuance of Spain's Alhambra Decree in 1492, a large proportion of the unconverted Jews chose exile rather than conversion, many of them crossing the border to Portugal. In the Caribbean, there were at one point Spanish and Portuguese synagogues in various other Dutch- and English-controlled islands, such as Jamaica, St. Thomas, Barbados, St. Eustatius and Nevis. Local languages used by "Spanish and Portuguese Jews" include Dutch in the Netherlands and Belgium, Low German in the Altona, Hamburg area, English in Great Britain, Ireland, Jamaica, and the United States, and Gascon, in its particular Judeo-Gascon sociolect, in France.[35]. The Judaeo-Portuguese dialect was preserved in some documents, but was extinct since the late 18th century: for example, Portuguese ceased to be a spoken language in Holland in the Napoleonic period, when Jewish schools were allowed to teach only in Dutch and Hebrew. On the reconquest of the Recife area by Portugal, many of these Jews (it is not known what percentage) left Brazil for new or existing communities in the Caribbean such as Curaao. [78] Other prominent opponents of it in the Middle Ages include Yom Tov Asevilli ("Ritva", ca. No mourning may occur on Shabbat (the Jewish Sabbath), nor may the burial take place on Shabbat, but the day of Shabbat does count as one of the seven days. This is shown by the following Biblical usage of the terms in Kol Nidrei: After this point Amram's Hebrew version ceases to list forms of vows and shifts to synonyms for the making of vows, the list in the present day Kol Nidre uses Aramaic non-Biblical synonyms for pledges, which do not have equivalents in Biblical Hebrew: Though these promises to God may have been ill-considered, the failure to keep them is a recurring offense and acting as if promises made to God were so trifling that they could be thoughtlessly forgotten is a further offense;[55] the only remedy is, first, to admit that these promises will never be fulfilled, by formally cancelling them which is one of the purposes of the Kol Nidrei, and then to repent for them which is the purpose of the Day of Atonement. Ata bratah, ata ytzartah, ata nfachtah bi [vata mshamrah bkirbi vata atid litelah mimeni ulehachazirah bi leatid lavo. Records attest to their having a small synagogue called Talmud Torah in 1627, and the main synagogue, Beth Israel, was founded in 1652. For example, someone who is dead by clinical standards may not yet be dead according to Jewish law. ", "The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist, 51", Jewish Virtual Library - Jewish Prayers: The Mourner's Kaddish, Neirot Foundation: The Importance of Kaddish. In pre-Revolutionary France, the Portuguese Jews were one of three tolerated Jewish communities, the other two being the Ashkenazi Jews of Alsace-Lorraine and the Jews of the former Papal enclave of Comtat Venaissin; all three groups were emancipated at the French Revolution. [55] It is customary in many communities for those with both parents alive to leave the synagogue during the Yizkor service[55] while it is said.[56][57]. 1 For the conductor; of the servant of the Lord, of David, who spoke to the Lord the words of this song on the day that the Lord saved him from the hand of all his enemies and from the hand of Saul. The Mystery of Kaddish. The Manchester Sephardic synagogues are under the superintendence of the London community and traditionally used a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese ritual, which is giving way to a Jerusalem Sephardic style: the membership is chiefly Syrian in heritage, with some Turkish, Iraqi and North African Jews. The ritual music of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews differs from other Sephardic music in that it is influenced by Western European Baroque and Classical music to a relatively high degree. Thus, as a subset of the Sephardim, "Portuguese" and "Spanish and Portuguese" could be used interchangeably. In prayers it is replaced by the word Adonai ("My Building on this, is the study of those sections of the Shulchan Aruch (codified Jewish law) - together with its main commentaries - that pertain to daily-life questions (such as the laws of keeping kosher, Shabbat, and the laws of family purity). Conservative rabbis accept the legitimacy of Orthodox rabbis, though they are often critical of Orthodox positions. I compared with the hardcopy siddur used at my synagogue, and it appears quite accurate. [8], Yemenite Jews, prior to their immigration to the land of Israel, maintained an ancient practice during the funeral procession to halt at, at least, seven stations before the actual burial of the dead, beginning from the entrance of the house from whence the bier is taken, to the graveyard itself. In recognition of that history, the Reform movement restored this recitation to its liturgy. Reviewed in the United States on June 12, 2018. The words "as it is written in the teachings of Moses, thy servant", which were said in the old form before the quotation of Numbers 15:26, were canceled by Meir of Rothenburg. [68], The Kol Nidrei prayer has been used by non-Jews as a basis for asserting that an oath taken by a Jew may not be trusted. , : ], Transliteration: Elohai neshama shenatata bi thorah hi. From the 18th century on, the Portuguese Jews were increasingly outnumbered by "German Jews" (Ashkenazim). Kol Nidrei should be recited before sunset, since dispensation from a vow may not be granted on the Sabbath or on a feast-day, unless the vow refers to one of these days. It is believed that mourners adopted this version of the Kaddish around the 13th century during harsh persecution of Jews by crusaders in Germany because of the opening messianic line about God bringing the dead back to life (though this line is not in many modern versions). It Doesn't Exist: Antonio Lobo Antunes with Alessandro Cassin", "Venezuela's 'anti-Semitic' leader admits Jewish ancestry", "Roman Abramovich cidado portugus desde Abril", Published prayer books for the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation, Sephardi melodies, being the traditional liturgical chants of the Spanish & Portuguese Jews Congregation London, Bet Midrash Nidhe Israel (Dominican Republic), La Nacao, a new site reviewing academic works on Western Sephardim, Amsterdam Portuguese Chazzanut: Spanish and Portuguese Chazzanut & Minhagim (Customs) in the Esnoga, Spanish and Portuguese Torah melody, London style: musical notation only, Liturgie Hebraque du Rite Sfardi dit Portugais, Liturgical Music of Congregation Shearith Israel, New York, S&P Central: An Information Hub for Spanish & Portuguese Jewish Communities, Daniel Halfon, Hazan of Spanish and Portuguese Liturgical Music, Site of Hakham Yaaqob haLevi de Oliveira s"t, Israel, Los cinco libros de la Sacra Ley translated to Spanish by Joseph Franco Serrano, The Spanish and Portuguese Intellectual Tradition, Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation, History of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in France, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews&oldid=1115125869, CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt), Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2020, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2020, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Articles needing additional references from July 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Conversion to Catholicism up to the late 15th century.
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