in V Taylor & C Winquist; originally published in, McHale, Brian. He sees the subject not as primary, foundational, and central, but as one element among others which should be examined by thought. In his writing, Lyotard replaced a universally valid and absolute explanatory principle (God, subject, etc.) Representational theory is itself a libidinal dispositif, and Lyotard accentuates the libidinal aspects of theory in order to combat its nihilistic tendencies. Despite its popularity, however, this book is in fact one of his more minor works. The situation is a double bind because there are two alternatives either there were gas chambers or there were not which lead to the same conclusion: there were no gas chambers (and no Final Solution). [17], Others have related metanarratives to masterplots, recurrent skeletal stories, belonging to cultures and individuals that play a powerful role in questions of identity, values, and the understanding of life.[18], It is unclear whether Lyotard is describing a global condition of skepticism towards metanarratives in postmodernity, or prescribing such skepticism. Ellipses, or threespaced periods, indicate the omission of words from a quoted passage. Le postmodernisme est-il une re nouvelle lie au dveloppement du capitalisme postindustriel ou un aspect qui a toujours exist? Quotations by Lao Tzu, Chinese Philosopher. Rather, it will be an ongoing process of learning updated technical information that will be essential for their functioning in their respective professions. An example would be the way political institutions channel desires to change society away from violent, disruptive eruptions towards more moderate, less disruptive modes of action. Lyotard presents us, rather, with a metaphysical system in which intensities and structures are both essential elements of the libidinal economy. Since Faurisson will accept no evidence for the existence of gas chambers except the testimony of actual victims, he will conclude from both possibilities (i.e. Having rejected the possibility of a politics based on a single theory that will accurately capture the truth of all social events (such as Marxism), Lyotards later concern is to do justice to multiple social realities. Harvey argues that postmodernity is an escape from "Fordism", a term coined by Antonio Gramsci to describe the mode of industrial regulation and accumulation which prevailed during the Keynesian era of economic policy in OECD countries from the early 1930s to the 1970s. "[14] Les Conqurants was set in the summer of 1925 against the backdrop of the general strike called by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang in Hong Kong and Canton, the novel concerns political intrigue amongst the "anti-imperialist" camp. For Lyotard something must be postmodern before it can become modern. Avec l'essai de Habermas (La Modernit, un projet inachev, 1981, crit en rponse la Biennale de Venise de 1980, marque par l'influence de Jencks), ces deux derniers textes ont contribu donner une paisseur philosophique au terme. Robert Harvey and Mark S. Roberts (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1993). (ed.) [1][2][3] Originally written as a report on the influence of technology in exact sciences, commissioned by the Conseil des universits du Qubec, the book was influential. Trans. Etymology. The reductive philosophies of minimalism, spontaneous improvisation, and expressivity of Abstract expressionism characterized the works. Malraux was born in Paris in 1901, the son of Fernand-Georges Malraux (18751930) and Berthe Flicie Lamy (18771932). [23] Griselda Pollock studied and confronted the avant-garde and modern art in a series of groundbreaking books, reviewing modern art at the same time as redefining postmodern art.[24][25][26]. [52], Related to Abstract expressionism was the emergence of combined manufactured items with artist materials, moving away from previous conventions of painting and sculpture. He attacks Lacans famous dictum that the unconscious is structured like a language on the grounds that it is an over-rationalisation that posits representational structures to the exclusion of the figural. Rachel Bowlby and Jeanne Bouniort, ed. [36] Saudi Arabia and Yemen were both remote, dangerous places that few Westerners visited at the time, and what made the expedition especially dangerous was while Malraux was searching for the lost cities of Sheba, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia invaded Yemen, and the ensuing SaudiYemeni war greatly complicated Malraux's search. This book was a critique of the current state of knowledge among modern postindustrial nations such as those found in the United States and much of Western Europe. Proper names pick our referents in a way that is rigid and consistent but, according to Lyotard, empty of sense. Lyotard was professor of French and Italian at the University of California, Irvine, Robert W. Woodruff Professor of French at Emory University, and a founding member and sometime president of the Collge International de Philosophie. Mais dans ces deux cas, le but recherch est d'effectuer une synthse entre ces lments pour apprhender une ralit complexe: les tats-Unis pendant la grande dpression pour Dos Passos, la perte des valeurs en Europe occidentale pour Broch. The result is a plurality of language-games (a term coined by Ludwig Wittgenstein[1]:67), of different types of argument. Postmodernism describes movements which both arise from, and react against or reject, trends in modernism. Lyotard is here beginning to describe a region on which libidinal intensities take place and on which they meet with the dispositifs that channel libidinal energy. It may be the feeling of not being able to find the words. Lyotard associates the identification of a differend with the feeling of the sublime, the mixture of pleasure and pain which accompanies the attempt to present the unpresentable. Lyotard develops the philosophy of language that underlies his work on paganism and postmodernism most fully in The Differend: Phrases in Dispute. What is represented is constantly deferred. ), Listening to the Late: New Encounters with Jean-Franois Lyotard (Surrey: Ashgate, forthcoming). This period is associated with the work of Marshall McLuhan, a philosopher who focused on the results of living in a media culture and argued that participation in a mass media culture both overshadows actual content disseminated and is liberating because it loosens the authority of local social normative standards. Cette appellation, hrite surtout de la conception qu'une poque avait de sa condition Jean-Franois Lyotard, Le Diffrend, d. The tensor is a duplicitous sign. Ed. The philosophy of technology is a sub-field of philosophy that studies the nature of technology and its social effects.. [41] From a chronological point of view, Dada is located solidly within modernism, however a number of critics hold it anticipates postmodernism, while others, such as Ihab Hassan and Steven Connor, consider it a possible changeover point between modernism and postmodernism. The Postmodern Condition is a study of the status of knowledge in computerized societies. (With Jean-Loup Thbaud) Just Gaming, trans. He develops an idea of the figural as a disruptive force which works to interrupt established structures in the realms of both reading and seeing. Lyotard sees Lacans application of Saussurean linguistics to psychoanalysis as particularly worrisome. In this process, affects are inscribed on a surface without being strictly controlled by an actively willing and organising subject. This problem lies in the area of research. Paganism rejects any universal criteria for judgement, yet Lyotard claims that we must judge, that justice demands this of us. The end result of Lyotards work on Algeria and the disappointment at the failure of socialist revolution to take place led him to an abandonment of revolutionary socialism and traditional Marxism on the grounds that social reality is too complex to describe accurately with any master-discourse. is knowledge at all. In the libidinal philosophy Lyotard uses the idea of libidinal energy to describe events and the way they are interpreted or exploited, and he develops a philosophy of society and theory in terms of the economy of libidinal energies. The changing status of science and technology is a primary feature of the postmodern condition, and Lyotard calls certain new forms of science postmodern. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; of several essays from Drive partir de Marx et Freud (Paris: Union Gnral dEditions, 1973) and Des Dispositifs Pulsionnels (Paris: Union Gnral dEditions, 1973). b. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), pp. The first part introduces phenomenology through the work of Edmund Husserl, and the second part evaluates phenomenologys relation to the human sciences (particularly psychology, sociology, and history). The flat band that the body has become is then given a twist and joined end to end, forming a moebius strip (a circular figure which has only one surface due to the twist it contains; a line traced along one side of the strip will end up on the other side without breaking contact with the surface). Nous prsentons ci-dessous une liste succincte d'uvres caractristiques du postmodernisme, sans prtendre l'exhaustivit. Lyotard uses Wittgensteins idea of language games to show that reason and representation cannot be totalizing. For Lyotard, this fact has a deep political import, since politics claims to be based on accurate representations of reality. gnes Heller (12 May 1929 19 July 2019) was a Hungarian philosopher and lecturer. Lyotard is also concerned about the social impact of science and technology in postmodernity. Arthur Schopenhauer (/ o p n h ar / SHOH-pn-how-r, German: [at opmha] (); 22 February 1788 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind noumenal will. In some descriptions post-modernism as a period in art is completed, whereas in others it is a continuing movement in The second phase of postmodernity is "digitality" the increasing power of personal and digital means of communication including fax machines, modems, cable and high speed internet, which has altered the condition of postmodernity dramatically: digital production of information allows individuals to manipulate virtually every aspect of the media environment. In a sense, the innovations of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt and others, opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of following artworks.[43]. Lyotard's statement in 1984 that "I define postmodern as incredulity toward meta-narratives" extends to incredulity toward science. He resided in England from 1971, where he studied at the Williams, James, Lyotard: Towards a Postmodern Philosophy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998). Minuit, 1984; Jean-Franois Lyotard, Le Postmoderne expliqu aux enfants : Correspondance 1982-1985, 2005; Gianni Vattimo, Les aventures de la diffrence, d. Hal Foster, in his essay The Crux of Minimalism, examines the extent to which Donald Judd and Robert Morris both acknowledge and exceed Greenbergian modernism in their published definitions of minimalism. Postmodern literature is a form of literature that is characterized by the use of metafiction, Lyotard, Jean-Franois (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (ISBN 0-8166-1173-4) Lyotard, Jean-Franois (1988). They realized Pollock's process working on the floor, unstretched raw canvas, from all four sides, using artist materials, industrial materials, imagery, non-imagery, throwing linear skeins of paint, dripping, drawing, staining, brushing- blasted artmaking beyond prior boundaries. Lyotard uses the metaphors of flatness and depth to refer to discourse and figure, respectively. Genres of discourse can bring heterogenous phrase regimens together in a concatenation, but genres themselves are heterogenous and incommensurable. Some forms of art can reinforce structured systems of meaning, but the special feature of avant-garde art is to disrupt expectations, conventions, and established orders of reception. On peut citer par exemple l'adoption et le dtournement de genres populaires par des crivains: roman policier dans Cosmos de Witold Gombrowicz, roman d'espionnage dans Lac de Jean Echenoz, etc. Science and technology are prime candidates for this attempted hegemony, since they contribute to the growth of capital. Cette appellation, hrite surtout de la conception qu'une poque avait de sa condition Jean-Franois Lyotard, Le Diffrend, d. [35], On 22 February 1934, Malraux together with douard Corniglion-Molinier embarked on a much publicized expedition to find the lost capital of the Queen of Sheba mentioned in the Old Testament. Sarah Wilson (London: Black Dog, 1998). Terminologie. An aesthetic theory focusing on the avant-garde deeply informs both major phases of his philosophical thought (the libidinal and the postmodern). Common sense (or simply sense) is sound, practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge in a manner that is shared by (i.e. The other side of the tensor contains residual potentialities for other meanings. L'innovation moderne se fonde toujours sur l'oubli ou l'ignorance des traditions propres chaque art, lesquelles sont considres comme un frein une vritable cration. Upon reaching Cambodia, Malraux, Clara and friend Louis Chevasson undertook an expedition into unexplored areas of the former imperial settlements in search of hidden temples, hoping to find artifacts and items that could be sold to art collectors and museums. Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman among others were notable creators of Happenings. Lyotard interprets these two tendencies of capitalism in terms of the theory of dissimulation. The Benhabib-Butler debate demonstrates that there is no simple definition of a postmodern theorist as the very definition of postmodernity itself is contested. Lyotard attended the radical psychoanalyst Jacques Lacans seminars in the mid-60s, and his reaction to Lacans theories resulted in Discours, figure, for which he received the degree of doctorat dtat. Lyotard abandoned his libidinal philosophy in the later years of the seventies, beginning a philosophy of paganism that developed, by the eighties, into his unique version of postmodernism. dissertation Indifference as an Ethical Notion. Jean-Franois Lyotard was born in Vincennes, France, on August 10, 1924. Terminologie. Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era) and the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissancein the "Age of Reason" of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century "Enlightenment".Some [citation needed] commentators consider the era of modernity to have The most prominent proponents of this position are Lyotard and Baudrillard. The philosophy of technology is a sub-field of philosophy that studies the nature of technology and its social effects.. His candidacy was supported by some members of the Nobel committee, but was rejected for political reasons by another member, and the Swedish Academy ultimately decided that Beckett should be awarded.[59]. Every phrase presents a universe, composed of the following four elements or, as Lyotard calls them, instances: In the initial presentation of the phrase, the instances of the universe are equivocal. They separated in 1966. Lyotard calls the change that has taken place in the status of knowledge due to the rise of the performativity criterion the mercantilization of knowledge. For Lyotard, there is no affirmative region, no pure outside to nihilism. Thus the sublime is situated at the differend between language games and phrase regimes; we feel a mixture of pleasure and pain in the frustration of not knowing how to follow on from a phrase but feeling that there is something important that must be put into words. Minimalists like Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Agnes Martin, John McCracken and others continued to produce their late modernist paintings and sculpture for the remainder of their careers. [15], In communication and strategic communication, a master narrative (or metanarrative) is a "transhistorical narrative that is deeply embedded in a particular culture". Firstly, postmodernism is said to be the avant-garde movement always at work within modernism itself. The critique of reason and representation shift in Lyotards postmodern philosophy from a focus on the figurative and libidinal forces which disrupt systems to an analysis of incommensurability in language and the limits of the rational faculty. Secondly, it refers to those potentially positive forces that the idea of the human tries to repress or exclude, but which inevitably return with disruptive effects. James Elkins, commenting on discussions about the exact date of the transition from modernism to postmodernism, compares it to the discussion in the 1960s about the exact span of Mannerism and whether it should begin directly after the High Renaissance or later in the century. The mistake of structuralism is to interpret the figural in entirely discursive terms, ignoring the different ways in which these elements operate. Benhabib argues forcefully against these critical positions, holding that they undermine the bases upon which feminist politics can be founded, removing the possibility of agency, the sense of self-hood and the appropriation of women's history in the name of an emancipated future. Through his theory of the end of metanarratives, Lyotard develops his own version of what tends to be a consensus among theorists of the postmodern postmodernity as an age of fragmentation and pluralism. Furthermore, he does not see the subject as a transcendent and immutable entity, but as produced by wider social and political forces. Postmodern science is about the generation of new ideas rather than the efficient application of existing knowledge. There is no question of questioning it. According to the performativity criterion, society is seen as a system which must aim for efficient functioning, and this efficiency is a kind of terror which threatens to exclude inefficient elements. 1954]. Phenomenology (from Greek , phainmenon "that which appears" and , lgos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness.As a philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Gttingen and There is a large body of critical commentary on Malraux's literary uvre, including his extensive writings on art. Lyotard rejects the claims of any discourse to be grounded in truth. Phenomenology (from Greek , phainmenon "that which appears" and , lgos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness.As a philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Gttingen and Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; dplacer vers la barre latrale [22] General citations for specific trends of modernism are formal purity, medium specificity, art for art's sake, authenticity, universality, originality and revolutionary or reactionary tendency, i.e. Ellipses, or threespaced periods, indicate the omission of words from a quoted passage. The term, however, was not used in the contemporary sense until 1979 in the philosopher J.F. Acutely aware of the Republicans' inferior armaments, of which outdated aircraft were just one example, he toured the United States to raise funds for the cause. Sheilds, Rob and Heidi Bickis (eds. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Post-modernisme (homonymie). 2011. The figural is what exceeds rational representation; it appeals to sensual experience, emotions and desires. Nancy Graves, Ronald Davis, Howard Hodgkin, Larry Poons, Jannis Kounellis, Brice Marden, Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, Alan Saret, Walter Darby Bannard, Lynda Benglis, Dan Christensen, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra, Sam Gilliam, Mario Merz, Peter Reginato, Lee Lozano, were some of the younger artists emerging during the era of late modernism spawning the heyday of the art of the late 1960s. However, he sees it more readable than other post-structuralist works, and credits Lyotard with covering "a good deal of ground in a lively and economical fashion. Modern art, however, presents the fact that there is an unpresentable, while postmodern art attempts to present the unpresentable. 3 Merold Westphal, Postmodernism and Religious Reflection, International Journal for Philosophy of
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