Grounded theory was first introduced more than 50 years ago, but researchers are often still uncertain about how to implement it. Nonetheless, we found most articles explained coding techniques in detail. Some articles involved the use of a critical friend as a sounding board to examine interpretations of data (e.g. Therefore, using the literature can be useful as long as the researcher works hard at remaining open to their data (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 4). Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143. ! Purposeful sampling can be a starting point, but theoretical sampling is a cornerstone of GTM. xb```b``Ug`e``b@ !Y5g?p0at@[7K&z;*I8 i&5iUt8+ qEN8'U^K]v They do, however, include a range of strategies to think theoretically about data. We performed a manual search of each journal from the first issue of 2009 to April 2021. xref 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. 0000005034 00000 n 576-577), Yes. Bird & Karageorghis, 2020) because our purpose was to review the sport psychology literature in this rapid review. endobj In tandem with theoretical sampling, it may be useful to include diagrams of the iterative process (see Holt et al., 2012). Regardless of whether grounded theories are substantive, middle range, or formal, they are more than a descriptive list of themes. In terms of areas for improvement, the least widely reported procedures were theoretical sampling (reported in 22 of 35 studies), theoretical saturation (22 of 35 studies), and assessment of theory (22 of 35 studies). 0000001664 00000 n Some professional and personal notes on research methods, systems theory and grounded action. Thus, articles that reported some GTM techniques but did not claim the use of GTM as a methodology were excluded. Thirteen articles did not address two or more criteria (Eggleston et al., 2020; Gano-Overway & Carson Sackett, 2021; Grant & Schempp, 2013; Kerr & Stirling, 2012; McCosker et al., 2019; McDavid & McDonough, 2019; Omli & LaVoi, 2012; Porter et al., 2013; Russell et al., 2019; Sellars et al., 2018; Slater et al., 2012; Tshube & Feltz, 2015; Weissensteiner et al., 2009). Methods: The research method was qualitative and the grounded theory was used. 7M~t{K)s cayv! Corbin & Strauss, 2015) more strongly endorses the reflexive role of the researcher and soften[s] the application of technical procedures as outlined in previous editions of the Strauss and Corbin method (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 3). We also acknowledge that other scholars view GTM as more methodologically dynamic. endstream endobj 538 0 obj <>stream Rather, they should be easy to read, parsimonious, and delimited to only those concepts that relate to the core category. The philosophical perspective was either unclear or not reported in seven articles. H\0@& >-zoqgaCSsHm3{vq0x*C<5mVZS7[]/!M&1>!f}[0q/M^{f[qKdK=lZn,mwkckn\^%@CZ@@+hmeVP !m \.@%. 0 There are also a range of second-generation approaches to GTM, whereby researchers have expanded upon the original work and developed their own perspectives on GTM (see Morse et al., 2009, 2021). Substantive grounded theories were reported in 32 articles. endstream endobj startxref Constant comparison the original technique upon which GTM is founded (Glaser, 1965) is interwoven with the iterative process and involves comparing incidents with incidents, data with data, concepts with concepts, in order to classify data and develop theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Consider providing a diagram or figure representing the theory. Symbolic interactionism underpinned this study. the interaction of data collection and analysis, facilitated via theoretical sampling) was reported in 33 articles of 35 included articles. Grounded theory (GT) is a widely applied research method that is spelled out in several books including the foundational work by Glaser and Strauss (1967); the current editions of pathbreaking works by Charmaz (2014), Clarke (2005), and Corbin and Strauss (2015); and the comprehensive outline by Bryant (2017).In these and other contributions, the GT method takes a Theoretical saturation is reaching the point in research when collecting new data appears counterproductive, in that new data would not contribute extensively to the explanation already obtained (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Urquhart (2019) argued that in comparatively new disciplineswe are unfamiliar with the process of theory building and lack theoretical sensitivity (p. 13). This book included the Glaser (1965) article on the constant comparative method as a chapter. The sophisticated positioning of theoretical sensitivity was sometimes lacking in the studies we reviewed. As a result, several research methods are often employed, and MGT is introduced as an effective approach. It is important to acknowledge that several assumptions underpinned our application of these criteria to assess the GTM studies. Of the 32 articles that presented a grounded theory, 22 included attempts to assess the grounded theory. 335-340), Not specifically addressed, but reported comparisons to the research literature during data analysis (, Open coding, codes were gradually grouped (, Framed study in terms of need to look beyond existing formal models and theories (. rD&rLPLf%4QuVx,= CsaQ#.0{2hXp$B%f5u WBMuC_n sf`jg,~+owwPS52yY`>H>W |a~[_6plTfD1)="0se_j&_a08BZ-ES!v#1uCZW8dy@QbBYM7$6}p;q**&,Y~y;Y'D~(gSL@CL4NhF%$C}DuIii9WV'm,CR]d EJj*\Zgxb 0V5h XQh-J?T=W)Mg{BssD Following Holt and Tamminen (2010a), the inclusion criteria for the rapid review were that the (a) authors must have directly claimed the use of GTM in the text and (b) there must have been multiple references to GTM techniques and procedures in the article. In the following sections, we provide a brief explanation of each criterion and discuss some of the key findings vis--vis each criterion. Download : Download high-res image (56KB)Download : Download full-size image. grounded theory, this article illustrates how a framework for a research study design can be used to guide and inform the novice nurse researcher undertaking a study }< l;Nnpx-q. 0000000016 00000 n Constant comparison is intertwined with the iterative process, driving and driven by theoretical sampling. %PDF-1.4 % Writing recently about Glaserian GTM, Nathaniel (2020) suggested that grounded theories are not highly complex and dense. consistency with philosophical principles). Similarly, we caution researchers not to rely on the 11 criteria we used in this review. 0000009674 00000 n false However, no single specific technique or procedure ensures theoretical sensitivity. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Cathy Charmaz also contributed to the development of GTM with her variant of constructivist grounded theory (e.g. In contrast, Glasers (1978, 1992) approach to coding is arguably less prescriptive than the Straussian approach (or at least less prescriptive than the early versions of the Straussian approach) and recommends the use of substantive coding and theoretical coding. endstream endobj startxref A total of 35 GTM articles were retained for analysis (see Figure 1). To be considered a sport psychology study articles had to have used psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and well-being of athletes, or developmental and/or social aspects of sport participation (American Psychological Association, 2008). We propose that the criteria should be adapted to fit the procedures, of the method. 0000006328 00000 n Articulate why a specific variant was used (e.g. We also acknowledge that our criteria are somewhat of a checklist rather than an assessment of how well procedures and techniques have been applied. All screened articles were checked by another team member. All articles had some form of a priori literature review to position the study, often including the discussion of previous models or theories. Reported using a journal to record ideas provoked by data (, Yes blended methodologies (grounded theory and narrative) (, Study builds on primary data from previous research (, Focused coding, axial coding, memos, diagrams (systems map), cross-case analysis (. We demonstrate how this can be done for grounded theory and, suggest criteria for evaluating studies following this approach. 0000087953 00000 n Diagrams or figures may aid the explanation, but it is also essential to explain the theory in the text of an article. 0000006302 00000 n First, it is important to note that the term coding is deceptively simple and it always involves abstracting and defining data with a conceptual label. WebWhat is grounded theory? Somewhat contrary to the notion of theoretical sensitivity, some researchers suggested that they did not impose their theoretical knowledge onto the analysis or attempted to maintain objectivity (e.g. :q`AzU~/j'^kn0rD0:F4"6Zll. MGT allows for data collection from responders, followed by data analysis to generate findings into a set of categories. 3-5), Yes. endstream endobj 535 0 obj <>/Metadata 44 0 R/Outlines 57 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 529 0 R/StructTreeRoot 66 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 536 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 537 0 obj <>stream Want to read all 42 pages? "n[ HHc`bdZ GTM is a qualitative research methodology founded on the premise that theory is indispensable for generating deep knowledge of social phenomena (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Abstract and Figures. Corbin and Strauss (2015) make only one mention of theoretical sensitivity (p. 89), which is actually a reference to Glasers (1978) list of 18 coding families. Theoretical concepts appeared to have been used to frame study and concepts appear to have been used within analysis, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding, diagrams, and memos (, Used theoretical concepts to frame study. Though individually necessary, these characteristics are only sufficient if collectively applied to define the use of GTM as a total methodology (also see Weed, 2009, 2017). Glaser and strauss founded and invented the grounded theory which represents the method of development of theory is based (grounded) on ,Initially and Did you conduct an armchair walkthrough when planning the study? (2020), we added the criterion of philosophical framework. Discussed use of literature to provide initial questions, concepts, and ideas for theoretical sampling (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, diagrams, memos (, Lead author reported I did not enter with any preconceived notions about what may emerge. Thus, although we have adopted the position that GTM is a total methodology, we recognize that others may see GTM as a more flexible approach that does not necessarily require the total use of the methodology. `G,m^u Porter et al., 2013; Slater et al., 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). untitled 73 0 obj Since Strauss passed away in 1996, Corbin has refined and expanded the Straussian approach (e.g. Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists. The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Elliott et al., 2020; Gano-Overway & Carson Sackett, 2021; McCosker et al., 2019; Russell et al., 2019). How should researchers report the procedures and canons used in their re-, search? Other researchers asked participants for feedback (e.g. and Boswell, E. (in press). What evaluative criteria should be used in judging the, products of particular studies? 431 0 obj <> endobj how previous research informed the interview guide and analysis, how the analyst prepared to think theoretically about data). In using a set of characteristics to define properties of GTM, we are entering what Charmaz (2006) described as ambiguous terrain (p. 180). v+uz4\P}:z2c-q[HR We also refined the labels for two criteria. seeking feedback from both participants and experts). In the following section I will go through these three aspects and illustrate how this method has informed my own work with data and literature. Substantive theory refers to the grounded theory outcome (i.e. 8-9), Open coding, axial coding, memos, diagrams (, Reported that study was not approached with a tabula rasa (, Open coding, axial coding, memos, theoretical integration, diagrams (, Referred to theory being grounded in data rather than merely from researchers preconceived ideas (, Reported using sensitizing concepts to develop focus group guide. Grounded theory, innovation, qualitative, research method, sport industry, Resilience Introduction: The aim of this study was to design a paradigm pattern of sport businesses resilience. 473 0 obj <>stream (2019), Glasers early contribution to GTM was influenced by mid-twentieth century positivism, whereas Strauss was influenced by symbolic interactionism and pragmatism. (2020) reviewed 710 qualitative articles published in sport psychology journals over 30 years and reported an increase over time in the number of articles in which researchers philosophical positions were explicitly stated, with a particular increase in the use of constructivist approaches. If so, we should not judge the results, We will try to illuminate these methodological issues by demonstrating, how we have redef'med the evaluation criteria in light of the procedures of, grounded theory methodology. A total of 35 articles that made claims regarding the use of GTM as a methodology were retained. Alternatively, it may be that authors assumed the selection of a particular variant comes with an inherent philosophical perspective. Explain/show how you knew theory was saturated. 0000004766 00000 n It appears that the use of GTM in sport psychology research has improved since the publication of earlier commentaries (Holt & Tamminen, 2010a, 2010b; Weed, 2009, 2010). Prior to reporting the rapid review, we provide a brief history of GTM in order to provide context for our analysis. Thirteen articles did not meet two or more of the criteria. 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(2011) observed that many reflected a poor understanding of GTM or failed to present an adequate account of the research process. 0000182677 00000 n <>stream uBU6Ofivt^W0H/$ -K It is more than just comparing quotes and themes while coding. Therefore, as approaches to GTM have become more flexible over time, so too has the rigid or strict alignment of a variant with a philosophical perspective. Within these articles, discussions of theoretical saturation were not particularly sophisticated; it was often limited to a statement regarding saturation supplemented with, occasionally, a short explanation of how it was achieved. 0000011162 00000 n the grounded theory produced as a result of using GTM). 366 0 obj 0000006980 00000 n Rather, analysts can use a range of strategies to conceptualize data in theoretical terms. Published by Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101897. An Overview of the Grounded Theory Methodology Grounded theory (GT) is a qualitative research methodology that was initially developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967 as a way to merge quantitative and qualitative research approaches in social research [1-3]. It is therefore difficult to demonstrate saturation. hb```Rv^e`0pL&[IOP?T43j953ewd))]w xf0`` a|c<7a~H KUilx c %%EOF Substantive theories are relatively specific to a group or context and most readily apply to issues within a particular discipline (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). When using an iterative process, data collection and analysis are clearly intertwined, whereby initial analysis leads to more data collection, driven by (and driving) further theoretical sampling and analysis. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. t, 1990, Using grounded theory as an example, this paper examines three methodologi-, cal questions that are generally applicable to all qualitative methods. H\j0z We selected what we deemed to be the leading journals that published sport psychology studies. h1@ a ; endstream endobj 287 0 obj<> endobj 288 0 obj<>stream endobj Grounded theory is a suitable research methodology to develop theory for three reasons. Search and screening procedure. The philosophical assumptions associated with Straussian GTM have evolved. Have you provided an explanation of the theory? Holt & Tamminen, 2010a; Weed, 2009). These products are not all identical in type be-, cause researchers variously aim at producing rich descriptions, ethnographic, fact-finding accounts, narratives that yield verstehen, theoretical analyses of par-, 1Address correspondence m: Juliet M. Corbin, R.N., D.N.Sc., Department of Social and Behavioral. RP!!@^e?sP#VM1m?)~-~Um^>sbD;!Pe%0rB[uF/|3*@nDV-Qj?b? We suggest that sport psychology researchers could articulate theoretical sensitivity in a more sophisticated manner in their studies. The journals searched were Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (JASP); Psychology of Sport and Exercise (PSE); Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP); The Sport Psychologist (TSP); Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health (QRSEH); Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES); and Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology (SEPP). %PDF-1.5 % Furthermore, within these articles, there was evidence of the use of more advanced analytic techniques, such as diagramming, memo writing, and the use of a conditional/consequential matrix (e.g. Charmaz, who studied with both Glaser and Strauss, made an important contribution to the methodology when she developed constructivist grounded theory, which attends to the contextualized situation of the research participants and the researchers role in co-constructing meaning (Birks et al., 2019). We then provide guidelines for future best practices, informed by the results of our rapid review and drawing upon previously published methodological advice. Have you used basic coding techniques (and memos) associated with variant of GTM selected? Acknowledgements . Tshube and Feltz (2015) engaged in open, axial, and selective coding but referred to using a blind coding approach (p. 110). In their response, Holt and Tamminen (2010a) completed a more thorough review of the literature and observed that, while some of the criticisms raised by Weed (2009) were unfounded (e.g.
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