Eleocharis geniculata Catalog Number 1397614 Scientific Name Eleocharis geniculata Family Cyperaceae Collector W.C. Brumbach Collector Number 8271 Event Date 1973-03-19 Continent North America Country USA State/Province Florida County Lee Locality Eastern Sanibel. by admin. Facultative. Glumes 2-3 mm long, greyish below, brown . California Native Plant Society, Sacramento. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers. Bot. You can change the display of the base map layer control box in the upper right-hand corner. Horsetail spikesedge is very in New England, with a few populations known from lake shores in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island; indeed, it is listed as in many states where it occurs. 9: 299. Common names are from state and federal lists. Obligate Upland. Hint: Correct spelling is necessary for desired results, but because this function is a string search the full name need not be entered. IPNI nomenclature info for Eleocharis geniculata 2022. 2022 University of Florida / IFAS / Center for Aquatic & Invasive Plants ("1862") 1863. 109281. Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Eleocharis capitata R. Brown, var. Loi ny c (L.) Roem. In: Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component. Rare Plant Surveys: Techniques for Impact Assessment. Eleocharis caduca (Delile) Schultes, Mant. [2]Kllor Kaliwatan sa tanom nga balili ang Eleocharis geniculata. Lectotypified by Furtado, Gard. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). It has a few straw-colored leaves and many thin erect stems. 7: 3. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42. Eleocharis geniculata is a species of spikesedge known by several common names, including bent spikerush and Canada spikesedge. This is a widespread plant of wet areas in the Americas, Asia, Africa, Australia, Madagascar, and some Pacific Islands. tall;leaf bladesnone, just sheaths;sheathtop pointed;inflorescencea single spikelet;spikeletovoid, to 3/16 in. 1: 204. View a List of All Ecological Communities, For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado, 2022 Institute for Systematic Botany|Data last modified:11/3/2022, A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites. minor Vahl, Enum. DEP: Department of Environmental Protection, Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL, Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL. Citation: ELEOCHARIS GENICULATA (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Eleocharis geniculata General information: This is the largest hairgrass offered for the aquarium, it grows to approx 60 cemtimeters in the aquarium. Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species. 1824 ("1825"). . Nelson, J.R. 1984. Virtual Herbarium ALTB 2: 150. They are native to Maranhao, Alagoas, AmazNia, Caatinga, SO Paulo, Cerrado, Rio Grande Do Sul, ParaBa, Paran . Veg. [2] The name is derived from the Greek words ( heleios ), meaning "marsh dweller," and ( charis ), meaning "grace." [3] Members of the genus are known commonly as spikerushes or spikesedges. & Schult. (Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary). AVH is a collaborative project of the state, Commonwealth and territory herbaria, developed under the auspices of the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH), representing the major Australian collections. A relatively small, annual spike-rush of marshy lakeshores and low ground; forming tufts with erect to spreading, delicate stems 0.5 mm thick or less, ranging from 3-20 cm, achenes 2-sided and styles 2-cleft, summit of leaf sheaths not split, with shiny, dark, purplish achenes not over 1 mm long including the tiny tubercle, US Status: No Status/Not Listed formatted date county locality; CAS-BOT112730: CAS: Eleocharis geniculata: Parish, Samuel B. Eleocharis geniculata is a species of spikesedge known by several common names, including bent spikerush and Canada spikesedge.This is a widespread plant of wet areas in the Americas, Asia, Africa, Australia, Madagascar, and some Pacific Islands. One of the easiest ways that anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. References: p.1402 Wagner et al.- Flowering Plants of Hawaii p.1/240 A.C.Smith - Flora Vitiensis Nova p.22 Wilder - Flora of Rarotonga p.397f Whistler - Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands. 1824. T.S. Eleocharis) - cilkimilr fsilsin aid bitki cinsi.. Nvlri. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered. Culms to 45 cm 0.2-1 mm. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. on 5 February 1962 2: 150 1817. ELEOCHARIS GENICULATA (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. The leaves are reduced to a reddish sheath with an apiculate tip at the base of the stem. 910pp. They are listed as endangered by COSEWIC. 1772. A similar example in a Common Name search is Virginia snakeroot. . The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity. Searching using "snake root" will yield no results due to the extra space, but searching "snake" will generate a short list of plants with the word "snake" in the common name. This page contains potential references in modern medicine, Ayurveda, and other local traditions or folk medicine. on Sun Jun 27 02:46:25 UTC 2021. Literature for Eleocharis geniculata Wagner et al., 1990, 1999. Habit: Annuals; culms densely tufted, pale or green and slightly glaucous . <i>Eleocharis geniculata</i> (L.) Roem. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. 174pp. 2014. 0.2-0.5 mm in diameter. This species is one of 30 Eleocharis in Florida (Wunderlin, 2003). Scirpus brownii Sprengel, Syst. Spikeletsmany-flowered, rusty or pale brown, broadly ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid, 3-7 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, obtuse; glumes pale brown, membranous, broadly elliptic to Eleocharis capitata R. Brown, Prodr. 1813. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Bull. 1998. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. Disclaimer: The Field Museum's online Botanical Collections Database may contain specimens and historical records that are culturally sensitive.Some records may also include offensive language. Plants of the Chicago Region, 4th ed. Parvulae), terminating rhizomes or among culm bases. Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. This species is one of 30Eleocharisin Florida (Wunderlin, 2003). Eleocharis geniculata Canada Spikesedge ID: 0000 0000 1203 0640 2003 Steve Matson. From Flora of Indiana (1940) by Charles C. Deam. These ranks carry no legal weight. 1982. This is a widespread plant of wet areas in the Americas, Asia, Africa, Australia, Madagascar, and some Pacific Islands. Not seen in Michigan since 1937, but still . The stems hold inflorescences of rounded spikelets each containing at least 10 tiny flowers. According to Swink and Wilhelm (1994), the species is no longer extant in the Chicago area, but persists in nearby areas in Indiana, where the typical associates include nut-sedge, spike-rush, rush, Canada rush, Kalm's lobelia, common water-horehound, beak-rush, and arrow-grass. Eleocharis geniculata Canada Spikesedge ID: 0000 0000 1203 0637 2003 Steve Matson This page uses Google Analytics In wet, marl borders of lakes and in dried-up sloughs. You searched for: Eleocharis geniculata . It is an annual spikesedge growing to a maximum height of about 40 centimeters. For certain taxa, especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats, natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states (particularly Indiana and Illinois). Indiana: capitate spike-rush: Threatened: Michigan: Eleocharis caribaea: spike-rush: Threatened: Ohio: This plant is also known as slender spikerush, or hair grass. Eleocharis microformis Buckley, Proc. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%). 937pp. 608pp. Oxford University Press, New York. It has a few straw-colored leaves and many thin erect stems. Chlorocharis capitata (R. Brown) Rikli, Jahrb. Nomenclatural information about Eleocharis geniculata is provided by The International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Volume 23: Magnoliaphyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Goff, G.F., G.A. [family CYPERACEAE] Filed as Scirpus geniculatus [family CYPERACEAE] Filed as Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. Gaz. 1991. Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. Voss, E. G. 1972. 1842. Annual spikerush is sporadically distributed in the U.S. along the Pacific Coast, in the northeast, and among the southern states (Kartesz, 1999). Data Update History (information): zTX, zB02, zM02 Bot. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial. Recommended citation: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Limnochloa geniculata (Linnaeus) Nees von Esenbeck, in Martius, Fl. dispar (E.J. 2: 150. Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map. is an accepted name This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Eleocharis (family Cyperaceae ). Facultative Upland. 2018. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. Each straw is only few millimeters thick and the plant maintains an open form of growth. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. Pl. In future versions of the Rare Species Explorer, we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon. 2: 150. 48. Protect habitat from direct destruction, excessive use of herbicides, and competitive exotic species such as purple loosestrife. Eleocharis genicultais found growing in full shade and the complete opposite of the full sun. Site examination for Threatened and Endangered plant species. Dawson, and J.J. Rochow. World Range for Eleocharis geniculata Does Eleocharis geniculata also grow in home gardens? common name: spikerush: Named members of the Genus Eleocharis. Synonym Full Citation Basionym Type; Eleocharis capitata var. Monocotyledons. Eleocharis_geniculata.jpg (1 of 8) For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado. A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. Straits Settlem. dispar (E. J. Hill) S. F. Blake, Rhodora 20: 24. Images of Eleocharis geniculata provided by the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER). 1882. Tufted annual with crowded stems; stems 5-40 cm long and 0.6-1.2 mm thick, terete or angular. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands. Eleocharis geniculata R.Br., 1810 Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Zavaro & Pabn, 1998 Eleocharis geniculata Linnaeus, 1753 Common names Canada spikesedge in English Canada spikesedge in English cebolleta de pantano in language. Flora Hrvatske. BASIONYM: Eleocharis setacea R. Brown 1810. eleocharis melanosperma whole; eleocharis mexicana whole; eleocharis riparia whole; eleocharis setacea whole; eleocharis singularis whole; eleocharis sintenisii whole; eleocharis valida whole; eleogenus capitatus whole; Collection Code Angiosperms Institution Code MICH Modified 2016-3-13 ID Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. (Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States. Environmental Management 6(4): 307-316. Scirpus caducus Delile, Descr. Aquatic and Mangrove Plants. Facultative Wetland. Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual. In their submersed, free-floating form, though, they are a tangle of long thin branches. Furthermore, a search of "Virginia snake" or even "nia snak" yields one result: Virginia snakeroot. 1918. Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. Geniculata means "sharply bent." Author: The Morton Arboretum. The New York Flora Atlas is a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state, as well as information on plant habitats, associated ecological communities, and taxonomy. and enter that information into the provided field. Uses of Eleocharis geniculata? Nat. Taxonomic Study of Genus Eleocharis R. Br. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. not made. Flora Hrvatske, na podruju Hrvatske na 56.594 km na popisu je 4354 biljne vrste, od ega 3853 autohtone s 90 endema. 3rd Ed. Survey Period: From third week of August to fourth week of October, About the Natural Community Classification. Eleocharis geniculata [1] r en halvgrsart som frst beskrevs av Carl von Linn, och fick sitt nu gllande namn av Johann Jakob Roemer och Schult.. Eleocharis geniculata ingr i slktet smsv, och familjen halvgrs. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands. name coll. It is commonly found growing in single clumps in fresh water and brackish marshes nearly throughout Florida. This American Eleocharis has a fresh grass green colour and grows to be 20-40cm high. 921pp. Bras. Information is summarized from MNFI's database of rare species and community occurrences. TYPE: Without data, Herb. The stems hold inflorescences of rounded spikelets each containing at least 10 tiny flowers. California Native Plant Society, Berkeley. TYPE: TEXAS: Without data, Buckley s.n. 1817. Scirpus geniculatus Linnaeus, var. Veg. Facultative. Phng tin lin quan ti Eleocharis geniculata ti Wikimedia Commons; D . 2009 Sedges of Indiana and the Adjacent States, The Non-Carex Species. & Schult. Site Feedback. Eleocharis is a virtually cosmopolitan genus of 250 or more species of flowering plants in the sedge family, Cyperaceae. Non-point source pollution, such as nutrient enrichment, that pollutes aquatic environments and degrades water quality is also likely detrimental to this species. Nelson, J.R. 1987. Synonyms were found. It is commonly found growing in single clumps in fresh water and brackish marshes nearly throughout Florida. Eleocharis sect. The flowers are covered with dark greenish-brown bracts. Bent Spike-rush . Web Development: USF Water Institute. Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. No associate data are known for the three historical state sites for this species. Leaves: distal leaf sheaths persistent, firm, distally tightly sheathing, apex acute.Spikelets orbicular to ovoid, 1-9 1-4 mm, apex rounded to acute; proximal scale without flower, not amplexicaulous; floral scales to 125, 11-14 per mm of rachilla, tightly appressed, dark red-brown to stramineous, ovate to elliptic . Rar. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. 2. It has a few straw-colored leaves and many thin erect stems. Rare Plant Surveys: Techniques For Impact Assessment. long, scales rounded;nutletstiny, shiny, dark. acicularis In addition, users can learn about the location of vouchered specimens and see images to get a better visual for each plant. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleocharis_geniculata&oldid=1011003701, This page was last edited on 8 March 2021, at 14:24. Common Name(s): Annual spikerush. Philadelphia 14: 10. Transition Species. Willoughby. IPNI nomenclature info for Eleocharis geniculata It is an annual spikesedge growing to a maximum height of about 40 cm. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation. These ranks carry no legal status. 9, t. 6(2). Typically found along marshy, alkaline lakeshores, and in low ground with fen associates. Eleocharis geniculata (Linnaeus) Roemer & J. These plants live for three or more seasons. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material. Taxonomy information for Eleocharis geniculata. Eleocharis geniculata - Wikipedia Eleocharis geniculata Paghimo ni bot Lsjbot. Eleocharis setacea R. Brown, Prodr. Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay experiments. Rare Plant Field Survey Guidelines. Godfrey, R.K. and Wooten. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands. Home > Plant Directory > Eleocharis geniculata. 1994. Sources include: Wikipedia.All text shown in the "About" section of these pages is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Plant observation data provided by the participants of the California Consortia of Herbaria, Sunset information provided by Jepson Flora Project.Propogation from seed information provided by the Santa Barbara Botanical Garden from "Seed . Johnson Collector Number s.n. 1810. Intro paragraph to be provided by New York. Eleocharisgeniculata information from ITIS Eleocharis geniculata is a species of spikesedge known by several common names, including bent spikerush and Canada spikesedge. & Schult. Pl. 1817. The plant was in approximately 50 cm of water and completely submerged. Nat. & Schult. Eleocharis dispar E. J. Hill, Bot. UF Privacy Policy glaucovirens EHR-2010 Eleocharis gracilis Eleocharis grandirostris . Straits Settlem. on Sun Jun 27 02:46:25 UTC . 1994. Annual spikerush is sporadically distributed in the U.S. along the Pacific Coast, in the northeast, and among the southern states (Kartesz, 1999). National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Without data, Herb. Information about Eleocharis geniculata--including nomenclature and synonymy, and status and distribution in Hawaii--is provided by the "Flora of the Hawaiian Islands" website of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. mara in language. ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration, No - Show results without WAP designations, Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration, Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of, No - Show results without Persisting value of. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. This Cyperaceae article is a stub. m t khoa hc u tin nm 1817. Veg. Eleocharis geniculata images from PIER Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Bull. Clifford 21, Scirpus 1 (lectotype: BM). PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series . dispar : Eleocharis capitata var. Facultative Wetland. Elias. A relatively small, annual spike-rush of marshy lakeshores and low ground; forming tufts with erect to spreading, delicate stems 0.5 mm thick or less, ranging from 3-20 cm, achenes 2-sided and styles 2-cleft, summit of leaf sheaths not split, with shiny, dark, purplish achenes not over 1 mm long including the tiny tubercle Status and Rank Leaves: distal leaf-sheaths persistent, firm, distally tightly sheathing, apex acute. Egypte, Hist. unclassified Eleocharis Fuireneae Actinoscirpus Actinoscirpus grossus Bolboschoenus Bolboschoenus caldwellii Bolboschoenus fluviatilis . Road-grass, and two or three other species, are also known as the so-called viviparous spikerushes. Synonym: Eleocharis caribaea Common Names: Capitate Spike Rush Family: Cyperaceae Habit: Eleocharis geniculata grows as a clumping herb that produces rhizomes. by admin. A notable feature of this species is how similar most species look, in general, most species appear as clumps of slender, leafless stems. Scirpus geniculatus Linnaeus, Sp. Bulletin of the Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium. Outer Deep Species. National Museum of Natural History Object Details Biogeographical Region 81 - Caribbean Collector Emery C. Leonard Microhabitat Description Gravely bed of stream Record Last Modified 31 Oct 2017 Specimen Count 1 Collection Date 25 Feb 1920 to 28 Feb 1920 Barcode 00951644 USNM Number 1075148 Place Oxford University Press, New York. The Nature Conservancy and Bureau of Land Management, Denver. An accepted name was found==>Eleocharis geniculata. 477pp. & Schult. Natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in Michigan, especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS provides authoritative taxonomic information on Eleocharisgeniculata, as well as other plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world. Eleocharis abnorma Y.D.Chen; Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. Photos from Calflora / CalPhotos. Home | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Main Pictorial . Michigan Flora. 24. A. Schultes - Capitate Spikerush, Canada Spikerush Citation ELEOCHARIS GENICULATA (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 1895. Eleocharis geniculata. Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Eleocharis caribaea Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Elzinga, C.L., D.W. Salzer, and J.W. & Schult. Wet sandy, marly borders of ponds in northwestern Washtenaw Co. and northeastern Jackson Co. 1918. 1810, nom. Event Date 1890-08-29 Continent North America Country USA State/Province Indiana County Lake Locality Edgemoor, ca 5 mi NW of Gary. 1979. Plants tufted, without creeping rhizomes. Lectotypified by Furtado, Gard. Eleocharis bella: 4 Varietas gracilescens Svens. 2: 88. [1] Eleocharis R. Brown. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1817. For each species, lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6,500 element occurrences in the MNFI database, in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa. Kirchner. [2] Una ning gihulagway ni Carl von Linn, ug gihatagan sa eksakto nga ngalan ni Johann Jakob Roemer ug Schult.. [3] Ang Eleocharis geniculata sakop sa kahenera nga Eleocharis, ug kabanay nga Cyperaceae. 5277: 1903-10-4: San Bernardino: Santa Ana River. Scirpus caribaeus Rottbll, Descr. Veg. Eleocharis geniculata (Canada Spikesedge) is a species of annual herb in the family sedges. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. inadmiss. Cyperaceae-- The Sedge Family : Bibliography Eleocharis geniculata: General Information; Distribution: Pantropical.In the Hawaiian Islands, naturalized on Kaua`i, O`ahu, Moloka`i, Lana`i, Maui, Hawai`i. BASIONYM: Scirpus caribaeus Rottbll 1772. This plant and synonyms italicized and indented below are listed by the U.S. federal government or a state. Edited. also found in rocky places and moist forests. Flora of North America, North of Mexico. common name: needle spikerush: 5 . Veg. Eleocharis geniculata l loi thc vt c hoa trong h Ci. 488pp. Obligate wetland. Random meander search covers areas that appear likely to have rare taxa, based on habitat and the judgement of the investigator. Schultes 2 Varietas acicularis common name: needle spikerush: 3 Varietas bella Piper syn. 27: 564. 1817. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem.& Schult., Syst. Substance Class: Structurally Diverse Created. Habitat: Shores, peatlands, wet meadows, and seeps from middle elevations to the subalpine. Eleocharis suksdorfiana - Suksdorf spikerush Distribution: Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington, but not in the Olympic Mountains; central British Columbia to California, east to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. Eleocharis geniculata. & Schult. Origin: Native Growth Duration: Perennial Etymology: i>Eleocharis comes from the Greek words heleios, meaning "dwelling in a marsh," and charis, meaning grace. State Rank: SX - Presumed extirpated. Holotype of Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. Br. Geographic subdivisions for Eleocharis geniculata: SCo/PR, SnBr, DSon : MAP CONTROLS 1.
What Does The Lamp Symbolize In The Dolls House, What Is The Latest Version Of Eclipse Oxygen, Relatives Crossword Clue 12 Letters, World Language Database, Train To London From Paris, Harvard Pilgrim Focus Network,