Antioxidant enzymes were extracted as follows: 0.5g fresh leaves of perilla sprouts were homogenized in precooled 50mmolL1 phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) containing 0.1 mmol L-1 EDTA and 2% (w/v) insoluble polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Internet Explorer). This indicates that density has a positive effect on the content of volatile oils, which is consistent with previous observations35. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in perilla sprouts showed a significant power-dependent increase when exposed to appropriate planting density. Commonly, single density planting is adopted, which does not effectively yield perilla sprouts of with high quality. However, the mechanism by which T3 and T4 densities improve the quality of perilla sprouts should be further studied. A solution containing ground leaves was treated with methanol solution and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 1h. Next, the solution was filtered to obtain 25ml. Accessibility 2a,b), while the highest values were recorded in T3 group. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, Our results revealed that the content of RA increased with the increase of planting density, being highest under T4 treatment. The activity of SOD was determined based on inhibition of the photochemical reduction of nitro blue tolazoline (NBT) as described by Polle16. Food Chemistry 185, 99105 (2015). p. The activity of POD was highest under T4, which exceeded that of the lowest value of T2 by 44.98%. Planting densities influenced several photosynthetic parameters of perilla sprouts (Table2). In their study, the content of TSS was highest in wheat leaves planted with narrow rows between plants. Photosynthesis, 263343 (1982). The study also showed that high density ensured maximized light interception, high crop growth rate, and crop biomass, all of which increase the total yield. All tables and figures were created using Origin software 2015. 2021. 3 indicate that TSS content in T4 group was 100, 50, 20 and 20%, significantly higher than T1, T2, T3, T5. The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds. Similarly, the content of volatile oil in T3 exceeded that of T1 by 55 and that of T5 by 22.37%. Traditionally, peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) of Jaranda variety used for the production of smoked paprika are harvested manually in the north of Extremadura (Spain). and common (fagopyrum esculentum moench) buckwheat sprouts. Effects of plant population on the TSS and yield of spring maize. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Effects of irrigation and plant density on yield, quality and within-boll yield components for Gs of T4 treatment increased dramatically by 2050% over other treatments, but no significant differences were found between T1, T2 and T5 treatments. "displayNetworkMapGraph": false, However, as the planting density increases, the light intensity reaching each plant decreases, thereby decreasing the photosynthetic efficiency, the dry matter, and content of SP. So far, few studies have explored the effect of planting density on nutritional quality and antioxidant level of perilla sprouts. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Egli, D. B. Therefore, increasing the application of phosphorous and folic acid could increase the yield and yield components of guar; a plant density of 20 plants/m 2 could also increase the biological yield. The following types of fertilizers were used: 225kgN ha1, 100kg P2O5 ha1 and 125kg K2O ha1. Roetter, R.P. Our results showed that T3 treatment increased relative humidity and hence this treatment is suitable for perilla sprouts from the transpiration perspective. Effect of plant density on yield and Quality of perilla sprouts, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67106-2. The effects of plant density on lthe growth, development and grain yield of two varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp [1972] . 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003 China, 2Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Xinxiang, 453003 China. Zhi, X. Y. et al. In this study, the longest root was recorded in T5 group, while the length, width and diameter of cotyledons were highest under T3 and T4 treatments. Sprouts are parts of plants that grow from planted seeds or other plant organs. Effects of plant density, fertilizers and stage of maturity on the yield and other agronomic characters of sweet and glutinous corn By: Alcos, Senen Oracion; Material type: Text Publication details: [College, Laguna] 1973 Description: 134 l. illus It was noted that the content of TSS decreased in various organs of corn when the planting density increased. The content of anthocyanins was similar between T3 and T4 groups. If the density exceeds a certain limit, it deteriorates the lighting and ventilation conditions in the population structure. Plant Science (Oxford) 165(6), 12211227 (2003). Puddling is an important operation to minimize soil nutrient leaching and thereby increasing the availability of plant nutrients and achieving reduced soil condition. Farquhar et al.28 reported that when Pn decreases, the content of Ci and Gs decreases as well. wrote the paper, L.M. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Issue. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, LWT-Food Science and Technology 40(1), 0120 (2007). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Zegada-Lizarazu, Walter Nitrogen-use efficiency positively correlated to nitrogen uptake efficiency at all nitrogen input rates. The lower populations are used under dryland conditions when soil-water levels at planting are low and the higher populations are used under irrigation. The effect of increasing density was to increase the maximum tiller number, but this was followed by different rates of tiller death until early June, after which there was no further compensation for tiller number. PubMed Plant growth is aided by the growing medium, which may be attributed to the media's availability of nutrients. Sprouts were arranged randomly in climatic chamber with three replicates (n=3) per treatment. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was estimated as described by Mir18. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Biotech. Increase in the cytoplasmic content of TSS decreased the permeability of plasma membrane and increased the membrane integrity of plasma membrane, which normalized the physiological activities and functions of cells. However, the number of leaves per plant was higher at low plant density. 3b. Soybean yield response to narrow rows is largely due to enhanced early growth. Over all interception of radiation and yield per unit area are increased if plant population density increased but yield per plant decreased due to resource computation. Good puddle field conditions are needed to create a favorable environment for normal growth of rice plants. Careers. 1c,d). National Library of Medicine Perilla sprouts variety, a wild species, was obtained from the mountains of Huixian county, Xinxiang, China through wild domestication. and 3a). Effects of plant population on the TSS and yield of spring maize. and J. Varietal differences were seen in maximum tiller number, and the percentage of tillers surviving to form ears. However, there was no difference in POD activity between T2 and T3 treatments. Sprouts were harvested at the 8th leaf stage. Whitbread, A.M. This results in longer, thinner, smaller and yellowing of leaves of the sprouts. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, fruit set, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight and fruit yield were recorded. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help This experiment empathize that the combination of 70 cm between the rows and 20 cm between the plants, with a total density of about 71400 plants per hectare resulted in a highest yield. Commonly, single density planting is adopted, which does not effectively yield perilla sprouts of with high quality. 20mmol riboflavin was added to initiate the reaction. Xue, Yanhui Notably, the content of SP was highest under T3 treatment, which gradually decreased. B. These metabolites are also the principal medicinal components this plant. 2018. "useRatesEcommerce": false, Moreover, other studies found that perilla is rich in proteins, carbohydrate, vitamin, amino acid, flavonoids, phenols, volatile oil and other secondary metabolites, which are beneficial to human health7,8. Baek KH, Skinner DZ. (2015). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the content of Ci between T3, T4 and T5 treatments. and JavaScript. Compared with the D1 treatment, the grain yield, precipitation use efficiency (PUE), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) increased by 5.6-12.5%, 2.8-7.1%, and 2.1 to 1.6% in D2, D3, and D4 treatments, respectively. Nadeem, Sajid Mahmood the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Ajeigbe, Hakeem A. About 50g of fresh leaves were used to measure the concentrations of SP and TSS. "displayNetworkTab": true, Dried leaves of perilla sprouts (0.5g) were ground into powder, and treated twice with 30% ethanol solution (25mL) under sonication for 10min, and then centrifuged at 4500rpm for 5min. , Jianglong, P., et al. Flat bed treatment resulted in significant (P < 0.05) Feature Flags: { Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were recorded at 1000 micron2s1 with Li-6400 portable photosynthetic meter. Tian, B. et al. Effects of plant density on cotton yield components and quality. The .gov means its official. Further analysis showed that increase in planting density produced a corresponding increased in fresh yield and dry yield significantly (Fig. Iijima, Morio Then reaction mixture was centrifuged at 5 000g for 10min. A. Photosynthesis || environmental regulation of photosynthesis. Total loading time: 0.176 The experiment was planted in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement for two . Nelson, W.C.D. Google Scholar. These practices maintain the main quality parameters of dried peppers and paprika. Rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Abstract Delayed planting of sugarcane crop after harvesting of seed is a common farming practice in all cane growing areas of Pakistan. All treatments were conducted through a random block design with three treatments and three replications. The extraction was continued for 3h, to steam distillation, using a Clevenger apparatus until sufficient oil was collected. Photosynthesis and growth of cotton (\r, gossypium hirsutum\r, l.) lines deficient in chlorophyll accumulation. Rankarajan et al. Kamara, Alpha Y. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It also increases the content of biologically active compounds, such as flavonoid, volatile oil, RA, and anthocyanins, TSS and SP. Nott. Effects of planting density on photosynthetic parameters in perilla sprouts. cultivars under low-potassium condition. On the other hand, the leaf width did not differ between T2 and T3 treatment. No significant effects of row spacing and plant density were detected. This indicates that density has a positive effect on the content of volatile oils, which is consistent with previous observations35. Our results show that the content of TSS in perilla sprouts increased rapidly at first and then gradually decreased with the increase of planting density (Fig. Journal of Crop Improvement 25(4), 323336 (2011). Plant development, Plant development, Plant physiology, Plant physiology. Berry, J. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. will also be available for a limited time. Antioxidant enzymes were extracted as follows: 0.5g fresh leaves of perilla sprouts were homogenized in precooled 50mmolL1 phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) containing 0.1 mmol L-1 EDTA and 2% (w/v) insoluble polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The yield of rice Plant Density and Water Management Yield (t ha-1) High plant density with continues flooding 5.94 a High plant density with AWD 5.10 ab Low plant density with continues flooding 4.95 b Low plant density with AWD 5.70 a 4 Conclusion High leaf folder attack intensity was caused by high plant density, but not effected by water . Effects of sprouting and postharvest storage under cool temperature conditions on starch content and antioxidant capacity of green pea, lentil and young mung bean sprouts. High planting density has been adopted in sprouts production systems. Under T4 and T5 treatment, Pn was negatively correlated with Gs and Ci levels. Mir BA, et al. Vadez, V. Fresh yield and dry field were determined. Similarly, the content of MDA was highest in T1 group, exceeding that of T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups by 91.8, 362, 189 and 88%, respectively. Li XT, Cao P, Wang XG, Cao MJ, Yu HQ. Crop Science 28(6), 977981 (1988). also revised and edited the manuscript. The lengths of root from T3 treatment was 68.45, 22.70, 9.49 and 54.05%, longer than T1, T2, T4 and T5 (Fig. Swieca, M. & Gawlik-Dziki, U. Planting density affects the antioxidant system of plants. Cevallos-Casals B, Cisneros-Zevallos L. Impact of germination on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of 13 edible seed species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(1), 173178 (2008). Initially, the activity of SOD and CAT increased and then decreased with the increase in planting densities. Anthocyanins were extracted as described by Long19. Journal of Plant Physiology 161(4), 405413 (2004). Chlorophyll content was calculated based on absorbance reading from UV/visible spectrophotometer (722G) at 663, 645 and 470nm. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Before sowing, Nitrogen was applied as the basal fertilizer. However, high planting density promotes the growth of roots. The If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. "displayNetworkMapGraph": false, & Yu, H. Q. Epub 2017 Aug 17. High planting density has been adopted in sprouts production systems. Planting at a density of 1450 plants m 2 significantly increased yield, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species, increased the content of total chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate, and decreased the content of MDA in perilla sprouts. With mechanical harvesting, the optimal density was D2 (15 151 kg ha-1 ) over D1 (12 493 kg ha-1 ). 7.3.4 The Bleasdale and Nelder Yield-Density Curve 231. Would you like email updates of new search results? So far, few studies have explored the effect of planting density on nutritional quality and antioxidant level of perilla sprouts. and Short-season soybean yield compensation in response to population and water regime. 1a). "useSa": true Of note, the content of SP in T3 treatment exceeded that of T1, T2, T4, and T5 by 135.48, 62.22, 12.31 and 37.74%, respectively. CAS is commonly used a traditional vegetable2. In China, few studies have reported the commonly used plant densities. Nevertheless, as seed density may affect plant space, seed density should be taken into account in further studies, since it may lead to changes in baking quality traits. & Wu, J. Y. Elicitor-induced RA accumulation and secondary metabolism enzyme activities in salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The concentration of total flavonoids in perilla sprouts was determined using aluminium chloride colorimetric method as described by Willet20. Further analysis showed that increase in planting density produced a corresponding increased in fresh yield and dry yield significantly (Fig. European Journal of Agronomy 15(3), 209220 (2001). 1976. Impact of seeding rate, seeding date, rate and method of phosphorus application in faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) in the absence of moisture stress. L.M. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, The absorbance of this mixture was measured at 415nm using a UV/visible spectrophotometer (722G). Biswas, D. K., Hamid, M. M., Ahmend, J. U. Liu, Zhen L.M. Chen CY, et al. Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe Effect of cowpea planting density on growth, yield and productivity of component crops in cowpea/cassava intercropping system. J. Agron. Zhang et al. 41(9), 28732880 (2008). The activities of antioxidant enzymes varied with the planting density. Science 296, 695698 (2002). The absorbance of the supernatant was measured and used to determine the content of MDA based on absorbance at 532 and 600nm. This is so because planting density influences the nutritional status and light distribution characteristics of plants. High planting density also increases inter-plant water content and atmospheric relative humidity. Tomato-growing goes best when the stem density is around 5 stems/m. The mean value of each index for the 50 selected plants was taken as the quality index for each treatment density. Lingling Wang, Feng Xiong, Guoying Zhou, Scientific Reports Liu et al. Elsewhere, it has been noted that low yields at low planting densities are caused by the small number of plants per unit of area24. Notably, the height of plants increased significantly with the increase in planting density. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52(6), 663670 (2005). & Rahman, M. A. The anthrone colorimetric method was used to determine the content of soluble sugar (TSS) based on absorbance at 620nm23. Liu, C. L., Chen, Y. S., Yang, J. H. & Chiang, B. H. Antioxidant activity of tartary (fagopyrum tataricum (l.) gaertn.) and Hot red pepper powder as a safe alternative to antibiotics in organic poultry feed: an updated review. 1c,d). Briefly, the supernatant solution (0.15ml) was mixed with 100mmol potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 20mmol guaiacol, 10mmol H2O2 for 1min in a reaction solution (3ml final volume). SP plays a major role in the growth process of plants and is an important component of plant enzymes. On an average, a plant density of 33 plants m 2 has been found to produce optimum seed yields across a range of environments. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. The recommended sowing rate of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is about 10 kg pure live seed ha1, but it is debated if increasing the sowing rate enhances forage yield and quality in the sowing year. In faba bean, the effect of plant density and planting arrangement is well documented. Andr Dias de Azevedo, N., Prisco, J. T., Enas-Filho, J., Abreu, C. E. B. D. & Gomes-Filho, E. Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes. Planting density improves photosynthesis, influences plant height, architecture and synthesis of chlorophyll. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Studies show that germinating seeds produce high phenolic content and antioxidants5. Under T3 and T4 treatments, the activities of SOD, CAT and POD were significantly higher while the content of MDA was lower as compared to T1, T2, and T5. and The largest stem diameter was recorded in T1 which reached 0.36mm (Fig. The changes in dry yield at different planting densities followed similar trends as fresh yield. Error bars indicate standard d error (n=3). Breeding for higher grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) using increased selection densities has produced varieties that are adapted to grow at higher population densities.While the effects of density on final grain yield and plant phenotypes are well known, how density affects the early-season growth of the plant has been less studied. Growth and nutraceutical quality of perilla sprouts is strongly dependent on planting density. and L.F.C. The experiment was. Before By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are often produced during photosynthesis in chloroplasts. The increase in plant density increased marketable yield per hectare, although the yield per plant decreased. Cite this article. 7.3.1 The Shinozaki and Kira Yield-Density Curve 228. An official website of the United States government. Gan R, et al. Crop Science 40(4), 1070 (2000). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted & Vasapollo, G. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in the berries of Pistacialen tiscus L. Phillyreala tifolia L. and Rubia peregrine L. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 8, 360364 (2007). The changes in content of TSS in our study differs from previous studies in corn plants39. Further analysis revealed that the contents of major secondary metabolites in perilla sprouts varied with different planting densities (Table3). Notably, there was no significant difference between T3 and T4 treatment in leaf length. It also increases the content of biologically active compounds, such as flavonoid, volatile oil, RA, and anthocyanins, TSS and SP. Effects of different planting densities on agronomic characters (ae) and yield (f) of perilla sprouts Error bars indicate standard error (n=3). Of note, the content of SP in T3 treatment exceeded that of T1, T2, T4, and T5 by 135.48, 62.22, 12.31 and 37.74%, respectively. Nitta, M., Lee, J. K., Kobayashi, H., Liu, D. & Nagamine, T. Diversification of multipurpose plant, perilla frutescens. 7. . In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period.Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the .
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