chopin impromptu 1 difficulty

100 Best Chopin CD 1 - Stanislav Bunin - Fantaisie-Impromptu in C-Sharp Minor, Op. 3; Schumanns Nachtstuck, Op. Reply #28 on: April 13, 2012, 10:18:04 AM. The change of the everflowing triplets into a broad rhythm and the shifting of tonality to the relative minor key adds to the contrasting value of a cantilena, which now as distinctly dominates the whole fabric as previously the melody had been concealed in figuration. Chopins disparaging remark about Thalberg that he played forte and piano with the pedals, not with his hands, need not be taken too literally and would only affect misuse turned into mannerism. Chopin: Ballade No.4 in F minor, Op.52. Nikita Magaloff and Chopin Impromptu No.1 in A flat, Op.29 (1969). , . Or email polmusic@usc.edu Chopin Impromptu #4 (Fantasie Impromptu) is by far the hardest So it happened that Chopin and Wagner respectively, as they had widened the range of piano technique and orchestral resources, also achieved the most marvelous framework of opulent and startlingly novel harmonic texture. Reply #35 on: April 08, 2016, 02:38:46 PM. And yes, perceptions of the difficulties can vary; I admitted as much when I wrote that my assessment of the difficulties might be different a week from now. The trouble with allowing the difficulties of the etudes to be assessed only by those who can play all of them is that it throws away too much pertinent information; it is statistically biased. 51 5 Fantaisie-Impromptu in C-sharp minor, Op. The differentiation in the shadings of these repetitions has been indicated by the editor according to his best understanding, which may be found somewhat different from other editions. It tortures the third fourth and fifth fingers for the first page and a half and then mischievously puts a second finger note a couple of times on the bottom of the second page which forces a different stretch on already paralyzed fingers. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. ), or simply pathetic key-note, does not reflect the Polish soil or reveal the Polish soul. Impromptu in Ges Dur Op 90 D 889 III Andante Andreas M hlen. It is a lot like a mystery story where the clues get gradually revealed. Impromptu Nr. Stojowskis numbers appear in the following measures: (1) in m. 2; (2) in m. 6; (3) in m. 8 just after the letter B; (4) on the last quarternote (B-flat) in m. 11; (5) in m. 14; (6) on second quarternote in m. 15; (7) on second quarternote in m. 16; (8) on second quarternote in m. 17; (9) in m. 23; (10) in m. 27; (11) in m. 30, on the pianissimo eightnote before the fermata; (12) in m. 34, on the last note of the descending passage; (13) on the first note in m. 45; (14) on the second half-note in m. 48; (15) in m. 49; (16) in m. 58; (17) in m. 61; (18) in the middle of m. 62; (19) in m. 71; (20) in m. 74; (21) on the trill in m. 78; (22) in m. 80; (23) in m. 81; (24) in m. 82. Well, so do all the other etudes. Then on the 3rd page the downward back and forth sequences are easily done on the first run as there is no shape-shifting to and from the black keys, but on the second one wonders whether to maintain 5-4 on all the upper thirds or switch from 5-4 to 5-3 on about 6 of the thirds. Impromptu No.1, Op.29. etc. Henry T. Finck (1854-1926), Chopin and other Musical Essays (New York, Scribners, 1889). 19; Dm. 1 in A flat major, Op. Just me playing chopin's fantaisie impromptu on C# minor. But when that repetition recurs at (2) [in m. 6] it seems opportune to enforce it, at is leads into the dominant-key with a crescendo towards the top note. In these three fundamental aspects he was deeply subjective and revolutionary. If you want a rough leveling, check out the Henle website, but I think it's almost impossible to provide an objective piece-by-piece ranking of these pieces. I believe some have the facility to do it lightly. . In the middle section a voice seems to rise from the depths of the playing waters. Very fast, but other than the speed, I don't think it would be that difficult. and how that affects your take on 10/1 and 25/11? The editor suggests a crescendo with slight hastening toward the middle, followed by a gradual diminuendo effect and slackening of tempo to melt finally into the pianissimo top note F (11) [in m. 30, see Figure 1 above; and Figure 3). Classical Easy listening moment ChopinImpromptu No. 1 in A-Flat Major Op. The cadenza which concludes this part again calls for free but comprehensive treatment (23) [in m. 81]. Impromptuul este n form ternar (ABA), mijlocul fiind n cheia F minor. He did not think fit to burden them with explanatory titles, still less with literary programs; but it is easy in some cases to discern the epic vein in the light of some generating poems or circumstances we happen to know about. It has what they so highly prize and call Langathmigkeit, a long breath. If someone tries to play an etude and finds it unplayable, it seems unreasonable for that evidence not to be taken into account, when assessing difficulties. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Do you agree with that? The Lark); and one piece each by Mendelssohn (Rondo Capriccioso) and Mozart (Fantasia in D Minor). It is interesting to note that the bridgings-over between the two sections are both homophonic, and that while in the first the tonic descends by a stop to the tonic in the bass (12) [in m. 34], in the second, the dominant chromatically moves up to the dominant in the treble (24) [in m. 82; see Figure 7).The repetition of the first part (F) [from m. 83] brings no new element, except a short extension in the coda (G) [from m. 113] through the interpolation of some chords (25) [in m. 115] between the repetitions of the closing section. The genre "impromptu" first appeared in 1817. Ashkenazy plays Chopin Impromptus - No.1 in A flat Major, Op.29. [Back], [13]. I am still thinking about how all the individualized assessments could be combined. Impromptuurile lui Frdric Chopin au fost compuse i publicate ntre anii 1837 i 1843. ), A Handbook to Chopins Works (New York, Doubleday, 1905). It breathes nobility, tenderness, yearning; in its second section even rises to passion. And by the way, I don't smoke but do enjoy a little goblet of Chambord every now and then. Reprinted in Polish Music Journal 4 no. When playing three against two, you'll play the first two notes of the right-hand triplet against the first left-hand note. 2 (winter 2001). The emotional nature of Chopins inspiration, the very abundance and spontaneity of an improvisatory, creative genius, the racial versatility of his high-strung nature, sufficiently explains his preference for smaller forms, which has been construed into child-like helplessness in the larger ones. Spontaneous as Chopins first Impromptu appears in conception, its perfectthough simplestructure scarcely suggests improvisation. how to guitar when you're a pianist - part 2. [Back], [7]. Again the repetition of bar (5) [in m. 14] lends itself to an echo-like treatment, and the removal of pedal would seem advisable in view of the purpose. I love these etude-difficulty-rating debates! I quit the piano! Fantaisie Impromptu in C sharp minor Op Posth 66 No 4 Now Wakes the Sea. Frederic Chopin ft. Abbey Simon Orchestra - Impromptu In C-Sharp Major, Op. 66, "Fantaisie-Impromptu". Impromptu #3 is slightly more beautiful than The edition has been based primarily on Chopin's autograph manuscripts, copies approved by him and first editions. 820 W. 34 St. BMH 101 - MC 1441 It was composed in 1834 and published posthumously in 1855 despite Chopin's instruction that none of his unpublished manuscripts be published. Two conceptions, contrasted in character and treatment, have supplied the material and form of this Impromptu, whichlike a minuetconsists of three parts, the third being a repetition of the first, the main subject thus enclosing the middle-section. The fiorituras which call upon our attention are a most characteristic feature of Chopins style, derived both from the ornaments of the old master, the so-called agreements, and from the contemporary vocalises of the Italian opera; but they are distinctly Chopinesque, in as much as he has absolutely humanized their artificiality. Rubinstein made an attempt on a German broadcast interview at a Steinway factory; Horowitz never played it to my knowledge. Those triplets in the right hand should really sound like triplets, not to have two consecutive triplets sound like a sextuplet with three accents. The piano is much maligned and belittle and Chopin suffers from that bias. : Chopin: Nocturne No. USC Stonier Hall (STO) This the art of Chopin achieves through the use of an idiom as novel and original as it is tasteful and refined; of a form where purity almost classical combines with richness unprecedented; through the fusion of spiritual loftiness and sensuous beauty never achieved before nor since at the piano; a blending of the musics message with the instruments resources, such that Rubinstein well could say: It was impossible to know whether the master had imparted his soul to the piano or himself embodied the pianos soul.. Bach - Air Liszt - La Campanella (100,000 special) J.S. #1 is the easiest. I'm learning Chopin's Impromptu 1, and have it almost down. Although his message reached the world outside of Poland by its force and humanity, few are broad-minded as Dr. Bie, who candidly confesses: Why should a Germans feeling be better or saner than a Pole?[7]The human intellect eager to understand, but too prone to judge in its attempts to weigh the material, to measure the immeasurable, especially in this scientific age of ours, so conceited about its precisions and estimates, is apt to go astray in its pretenses to analytical and perfect justice. Hi guys, I have asked many people of how they would rank the Chopin Etudes op 10 and op 25 in order of their difficulty and the most frequent answer I got is THEY ARE ALL DIFFICULT! The sotto-voce indicated by the composer (25) is thus explained-partly explained awayas one of those general directions applying to the spirit but not to the letterthe particular point where used. One of the reasons that assessing the difficulty of the etudes is controversial is that there is a difference between the individualized assessments of the difficulties, such as I gave, and the sort of assessments of difficulties one might get by combining all the individualized assessments and doing a statistical analysis of them. If someone knows only four etudes, that is still evidence that should be taken into account for the statistical analysis. Impromptus No.4 In Cis-Moll, Op.66 'fantaisie-Impromptu' - Allegro Agitato. The muse of the sick man in turns voiced the tenderness and glory of life, forebodings of death, even serene visions of the Beyond. Frdric Chopin wrote his Impromptu no. So they might rank 10/6 as 24th,10/9 as 23rd,25/1 as 22nd, and 10/3 as 21st. (Disclaimer . Frederic Chopin - Impromptu No. The 'Fantaisie-Impromptu' is formed in a familiar A B A structure that Chopin exploited in many of his piano works. After that, we will work on pedaling, timing, rubato, and finally, I will put everything together.Hopefully, it will help you to get results quickly.Good luck!Performance video;https://youtu.be/5Tun0pseH-MFree sheet music with my fingerings \u0026 3 exercises (PDF);https://antune.me/free-sheet-music/Are you interested in a one-to-one Online Piano Lesson with Antune? Thus, the editor would suggest playing the bar with ornament (13) [in m. 45] in the following manner: (This without conspicuously retarding, only insisting somewhat upon the pathetic repetition of the B flat.) toying with: Schubert Op 90 & 142, Chopin Op 25 #11. So on that basis, here's a list, from most to least difficult: 25/4, 10/1, 25/3, 25/9, 10/5, 10/8, 10/4, 25/8, 10/2, 25/11, 10/10, 25/6, 25/5, 10/3, 10/7, 10/11, 25/12, 25/2, 10/12, 25/10, 25/1, 25/7, 10/9, 10/6. On the other hand, from memory I think many competitions that require people to play Chopin Etudes would exclude some that they regard as not being virtuostic, and Op 10 No3 is one of them. Bach - Prelude in C Major Chopin - Nocturne in C Sharp Minor. In most of the rest of the piece I use the second finger to slip downward from the balck keys to the next lower white key which avoids a thumb doing the next white-white jump. I agree with Pianovlad--only those who played all the etudes can really understand and give any meaningful sense of relative difficulty of each one. 2006. I'm learning Chopin's Impromptu 1, and have it almost down. 29 | Piano Tutorial. In the same way can be treated the harmonic repetitions before the close of section C (10) [in m. 27], where it seems as if the wavering sunbeams were ever hesitating on the surface of the waters, broken up into a myriad of glittering pearls. Many composers used the title "impromptu" in their work such as Czerny, Kalkbrenner, Moscheles Given the genre was developed individually and gradually, there however was association of Chopin's impromptu Op.66 with Schubert's impromptu. To put it differently, you're going to divide the right-hand notes into groups, and each group's starting note will sync with one of the left hand's notes. Other than Fantasie Impromptu, the most difficult is Chopin Impromptu #3. 1; Bthe middle of m. 8; Cm. 66, CT 46, "Fantaisie-Impromptu". Original publication data: A Master Lesson on Chopins First Impromptu, By the Distinguished Polish Piano Virtuoso, Teacher and Composer Sigismund Stojowski (Philadelphia: Theodore Presser Co., 1915). While it isn't split up symmetrically like the tap pattern may suggest, it helped me get through Arabesque No.1 until everything sped up and was more fluid. I'm having troubles in the middle section however, with the 3 against 2 and the 13th/15th (?) 1: Polish Jewish Music Sources And Studies. Dedicated to Mademoiselle la Comtesse de Lobau, published in 1837 and bearing the opus number 29, this "Impromptu"his firsthas not been commented upon by Chopin himself, as has been the second, evidently dearer to his heart as it also is deeper in tone and more artful in form. 05:06. Certainly, by played, one would assume as brought to a concert standardin other words, not only read through, but also have mastered them up to a reasonable performance levelup to a tempo, with reasonable accuracy, realizing all other musical/technical obvious and hidden challenges, such as musical expression, correct touch, lightness, phrasing, etc. Apple Music: Classical Selection, Chopin: Piano Concerto No. [14]The treatment of the beautiful sequences equally requires a capricious diversity, partly subject to individual taste, for instance: the reproduction in part B of the melodic device (4) [in m. 11] can be effectively diminished instead of augmented toward a piano B-flat on top. Figure 8). Stojowskis note: G.C. Samson Franois Chopin - Impromptu No. 29, in 1837. Prose alas, is ever ready to oppose poetry; hence the queer, disparaging talk about a genius like Chopin, against which Mr. Fink vehemently but righteously protest. Questions like: What is the most difficult..? There is indeed a fascination with the order of difficulty of the Chopin Etudes, given how legendary that difficulty is. 29 Daniil Trifonov, third prize winner Third stage Impromptu in A . F Chopin Fantaisie Impromptu No 4 In C Sharp Minor Op 66. Schubert - Vladimir Horowitz (1973) 4 Impromptus D 899 &Amp; D 935. Copyright Op 111 Productions, 2001-2022. I examined the link fftransform provides, and find nothing in it that contradicts any of my opinions. It is to be gradually reached through the shadings suggested. The trick to playing different rhythmic groupings of notes in each hand is to practice each hand separately. 51 in A Minor "mile Gaillard". pianostreet.com - the website for classical pianists, piano teachers, students and piano music enthusiasts. Many professionals can play it, even after doing #1 (Kissin on You Tube, Richter on a Prague CD set, Ashkenazy, Abbey Simon. Curious if you fall into the "big hands" or "small hands" category? Also what Dr. Bie calls Chopins Driestimmigkeita persistent sense of three superposed, freely flowing, rather harmonic than contrapuntal parts, constantly underlies the structure, imparting to it a peculiar wealth of euphony. These two syllables breathe a magic spell. 29 (third stage). Chopin with the complex psychology of his maturity, such as one would shrink from putting into young hands. Chopin, himself, claimed that his music embodied the soul of his beloved nation; indeed, like Mickiewicz, Polands greatest poet, he could say: I am a million, because for millions I love and suffer.[4]One need not indulge in what Mr. Ernest Newman calls race fallacy to perceive and discern in Chopins utterances, impassioned and moody, almost simultaneously sad and joyous, now dipped in the melancholy of our landscapes, now sounding the chivalrous pride and nobility of bygone days or the mournful echoes of dire timesthe manifold and compelling chords with which the mysterious harp of the Polish soul is strung. You say that opus 10 no. Aimi Kobayashi plays Chopin Impromptu #1 op.29. Reply #44 on: October 04, 2019, 08:11:13 PM, I've always heard that the less difficult ones were "Les trois nouvelles tudes". Pleyel. [3] Each of the two worked out the same miracle in his own sphere and with his own particular means: Wagner, in the music drama, in the splendors of his orchestra, Chopin, in the more intimate but not less unique and powerful tone-poems of a piano bard and piano rhapsodist. Besides the coloristic capacities of instrumental setting, harmony is the most efficient element of expressive tone-color. How to Play Chopin | Prelude in D flat Major Op.28 No.15 "Raindrop" [Tutorial]. [Back], [9]. Morals are indeed the Circe of philosophers, as Nietsche says, and musical critics do not escape the temptation in their efforts for a class-room hierarchy of genius. To be better able to play 25/6, I can give two suggestions here. I'd say definitely the easiest there is the Fantasie Impromptu. Thanks Marik, very insightful. 4 Op 66 Chopin Fantasie Impromptu No 4 In C Sharp Minor Op 66 Maestro Time. Przybyszewskis philosophy of creativity was expressed in idiosyncratic studies of Chopin, Nietzsche, and Ola Hansson. All right, pianovlad1996, why don't we get YOUR listing of all 24 etudes from most to least difficult? All of these notes are appoggiaturas, so you should be able to see how this grouping makes sense. I wonder what the experts do. And I knew exactly what word I wanted, when I used the word "vector". As for the absurd legend of a sickly, effeminate Chopin, it implies both a tribute to the feminine side of his geniusfor creative artists are apt to be double sexedand a strange blindness as to the fact that the author of the Polonaises and Scherzi, Ballades and Sonatas, the Fantasie, Etudes, and Barcarolle, was a Titan as well as a magician. This an adequate of the pedal should enhance without excessive fear of ornamental passing notes, but with due respect to the purity of line. 3rd page has downward slip-slides (5th finger from black to white keys) and more of the same. 6 No. 66 . Both hands will be synced on beats 1 and 3, on the first note of each triplet grouping. Of the pianist Mendelssohn said he performed marvels which no one would ever have believed possible. But the world, those critics whom Schumann accuses of always lagging behind, ever was and still is apt to misunderstand an opposed boldness and delicacy alike. Reply #23 on: April 12, 2012, 05:37:58 AM. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Therefore I would argue that a more democratic standard is appropriate for being qualified to judge the difficulties of the etudes. Compared to the pregnantly short Beethovenian themes, or to the mostly fragmentary melodies of Schumann, Chopins melody has indeed the longest swing and scope. What is the most difficult Chopin impromptu. Stojowski refers here to Stanisaw Przybyszewskis (1868-1927) first study of Chopin, in Zur Psychologie des Individuums (Berlin, Fontane & co., 1892-1906). #shorts. 1. The second left-hand note comes after these two notes and before the third. The first of the grace-notes preceding a trill (18,21) [18 in m. 62; 21 in m. 78]or a chord (16,20,22) [16 in m. 58; 20 in m. 74; 21 in m. 78]should be struck with the bass-chord.After two transitional bars of harmonic filling (15) [in m. 49], the tonic C turn into the fundamental dominant of the second phrase of the F minor section (E, see Figure 4 above). F Chopin Waltz In A Flat Major Op 69 No 1 L Adieu. 4. But some would have us believe that there are higher and nobler ideals than his! Frdric Chopin's first Impromptu in A flat Opus 29, played by 6 great historic pianists. Chopin Impromptu 4 In C Sharp Minor, Op. . But it takes away from the satisfaction of accomplishing something, not to have a perception that difficulties have been overcome, that puzzles were solved. To analyze the subtle charm, to translate into words the radiance and fragrance, the storm and stress, the alternating grace and depth, the flights and depressions, the ever-changing but eloquent moods of that music, which vibrates like a human heart laid bare, would seem as impossible as to pull down a star from the moon-lit skies or catch a cloud swiftly wandering across space, vaporous yet shining, or thunder-laden. 9 (in m. 23). The puzzle of titles in music, whether generically conventional or aiming at mysterious associations, ever remains a puzzle. Fantasie Impromptu is also by far the most Memories of ant-natal dreams, combined with the memories of his young days, carried away from the native soil and its people and music, in those years of the souls apprenticeship when it is most durably impressed, have made Chopin national in both senses. for the folks just joining us, here's a brief synopsis of the entire discussion and general progress of the thread, Reply #33 on: April 13, 2012, 05:57:53 PM. Users of this site and the piano sheet music library agree to be bound by Piano Street Terms and Conditions, Hi guys, I have asked many people of how they would rank the. Fantasie Impromptu in C-sharp Minor Op.66 of Chopin, by Jonah Ho (age 5). 00:32:29 Peppa Pig em Portugus Brasil - Canal Oficial. Frdric Chopin Fantaisie-Impromptu Op.66. Since the common birth of mans winged twins, evolution has not only separated music and language, but coiled up both into signs and symbols, terms and forms, differentiated and definite, till they became trivial and meaningless, soiled by common use. [10]. Legendairy pieces that you leave and come back to. 5 No. Frederic Chopin - Impromptu #1 in Ab Op.29. Dear iratior, I absolutely love how you attack me. Eternal leaning for every pianist. I, Iratior, do not wish to attack anyone, but find the subject of etude difficulty to be interesting, if controversial. El Impromptu n. 1 en la bemol mayor, Op. 4 imposes lots of demands on the performer. 23 No. The duplication of the first bar may be played piano, without the [crescendo sign] indicated (1) [in m. 1]. [Back], [2]. notes against left hand quarters. UCL CMC's 60th BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION CONCERT Tuesday 1st May 2012 www.ucl.ac.uk/chamber-music. Hours: 9:30 am 4:30 pm (appointments preferred). I'm not going to be intimidated by all fftransform's hot air and unproved assertions. In contrast to the elitism implicit in saying that one has to have played all the Chopin etudes to be qualified to assess their difficulty, I would take evidence from anyone who has learned that, for them at least, some of the etudes are more difficult than others. beautiful than #1/#3. Whoever has laid his hands on a piano, nay, whoever has listened to a piano, whether it be in a concert hall or to escape the encompassing fetters on the wings of melody, forever remembers and wishes to revert to the web of enchantment in which that magician held him. The magic of looping! Op 10 #2 is insanely difficult. (cho, zho), (ko, kor), (tha), (ar) , , (rus), (heb) , . Stojowskis note: A Polish letter of Chopin, comparatively recently published an to which I do not remember any reference made in any foreign book or essay, bears out the assertion about Chopins occasional descriptive tendencies, as it relates, almost down to details, the genesis and context of the F-sharp major Impromptu. [Back], [11]. It was published that same year, dedicated A Mlle. A Wish by Frederic Chopin Prelude in E minor Op.28 No.4 by Frederic Chopin Popular Easy Arrangements of Chopin Piano Pieces by Frederic Chopin. Los Angeles, CA 90089-1441, Please call (213) 821-1356 for an appointment The marmorean coldness of the sonata could scarcely appeal to him in this diffused rigidity. I can't guarantee that what I think is more difficult today will be what I will think is more difficult next week, though! His books included studies of Gluck, Wagner, Elgar, Hugo Wolf, Richard Strauss, Beethoven, Mozart, Thomas, Verdi, Puccini, and Liszt. 15 for Piano in F Minor, Op. 30, No. 66) Debussy - Clair de Lune Yiruma - River Flows in You Vivaldi - Winter (The Four Seasons) J.S. 1 In B Flat Minor, Op. The drama of a noble soul, imprisoned in a frail and worn body, of a soul that mirrored the aspirations of a race which was living then, as it is now, the most heartrending of dramas, would necessarily bring forth accents of deep and tragic pathos. Frdric Chopin. frdric chopin impromptu opus 29 frdric chopin impromptu no 1 in a flat major op 29 Zvooq.online! A very difficult piece (look it up on YouTube), but I believe I can do it. by Frdric Chopin. No one else may have believed 25/4 was hardest, so what? Fantasie Impromptu is a pretty famous one for piano, A good Piano song is Chopin - "Fantasie Impromptu. C'mon, guys. At the request of Franz Liszt Fantaisie-Impromptu (Op.66) by Frederic Chopin - difficulty 8/10 Chopin Impromptus A most valuable book of reference. George Charles Ashton Jonson (1861-? Nor is it either the perverse and objectionable (!) Well, I haven't played any of those pieces, but I am familiar with them. Stojowskis note: Jules Combarieu: La Musique, ses lois et son evolution. Jules Combarieu, (1859-1916), La musique, ses lois, son volution (Paris: E. Flammarion, 1907). Laurence Alma-Tadema (London: Addlington, 1911). "What the world needs is more geniuses with humility. Cele patru Impromptus ale lui Chopin au fost scrise n diferite momente ale vieii sale, ntre 1835 i 1842. Leif Ove Andsnes Chopin: Impromptu No. 2: Zygmunt Stojowski and His Times, Stojowski, Paderewski, and Polish Music in America, Annotated Catalogue of Music by Zygmunt Stojowski, Stojowski Selected Writings (1907-1943), A Master Lesson on Chopins First Impromptu (1915): Chopin and the Music of Poland, Paderewski in the Light of my Recollections and Beliefs (1935), Sigismond Stojowski and His Views on Piano Study (1906), Selected Reviews of Stojowskis Music (1907-1943), Program Notes for Stojowskis Works (1913-1916), American Reception of Polish Music (1902-1944), The Secret of Paderewskis Playing (1902), Vol.

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