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Urea and lactate assays were performed in a label-free manner (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28760-4, C. Wang, Y. Ding, Y. Yuan, A. Cao, X. Zhang, Y., Nandakumar, D. K. & Tan, S. C. Digestion of ambient humidity for energy generation. J. Phys. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Feig, H. Tran, Z. Bao, Microengineering pressure sensor active layers for improved performance. Nano Energy 63, 103898 (2019). Adv. Some nanometer-scale pressure sensors utilizing band energy [94, 196], variable layer spacing [95,96,97], and cracks [98, 197] have been developed in recent years. Bariya, M. et al. 11, 753 (2020). Through the iterative analysis of data-driven sensing results, low-cost and compact sensor implementation can be realized. Adv. Chem. Nat. Article 11c-d) [83]. Nano Today 37, 101063 (2021). Li, Y. et al. J. Electrochem. Sensors 11, 28092844 (2011). Exp. 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All authors discussed the results and assisted during manuscript preparation. proposed a paper-based pressure sensor by integrating tissue paper with graphene [28]. CAS 4hj. Mendoza et al., Computer keyboard interaction as an indicator of early Parkinsons disease. Conventional electromagnetic (EM) antennas work on the principle of electromagnetic resonance and need to have sizes comparable to the wavelength of the radiated EM wave11. a Schematic diagram showing the setup for injection of Cell Rovers into the cytoplasm of a Xenopus oocyte. fabricated a porous pressure-sensitive rubber (PPSR) by a reverse micelle method [26]. 33(17), 2004178 (2021). 2 and Supplementary Note2 for details). & Rogers, J. 25(19), 28412849 (2015). Wang, Fully enclosed bearing-structured self-powered rotation sensor based on electrification at rolling interfaces for multi-tasking motion measurement. e Honeycomb-shaped structure guided by growth and repulsion of ice [114]. Funct. 32(5), 1902549 (2020). 1. Blue light-triggered optogenetic system for treating uveal melanoma. In addition, increasing the porosity of the active layer will improve the materials deformability and recovery rate. Adv. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04888, Y. Pang, H. Tian, L. Tao, Y. Li, X. Wang et al., Flexible, highly sensitive, and wearable pressure and strain sensors with graphene porous network structure. They designed a pressure sensor that incorporated microcracks and interlocking. Mater. a, Morphology, crystal structure and composition for Au needles after reaction. Morphological and geometric microengineering of the active layer has been shown to improve performance parameters, such as the sensitivity, sensing range, limit of detection, and response/relaxation times. 26(9), 13361342 (2014). Hence, an intracellular antenna that can truly enable investigation and modulation of cells, for fundamental or applied biology, remains an unmet challenge till date. Mater. Inspired by the geometry of a spiders slit organ, which has ultrahigh sensitivity, Kang et al. Interestingly, some sensors can also be used to distinguish the roughness of different substances [108, 205] and recognize braille [7, 103] based on different surface profiles (Fig. Adv. Open Access articles citing this article. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17765, G.Y. The three oligomers with different rigidity (poly(ethylene glycol) (R1), polyethylene (R2), and poly-(p-phenylene) (R3)) were covalently linked to the graphene basal plane through an epoxy ring-opening reaction (Fig. b SEM and c atomic force microscope (AFM) images of Ag nanomushroom arrays after deposition of Ag layer on Si nanopillar. The daytime RH in Lanzhou, China recorded extremely low values of ~15% RH, while it increased to ~65% RH during the nighttime as the air temperature dropped by 15C (Fig. Sci. f, Calculated average mean square displacement of CO2 on Au(111) surface with and without K+ in the system. fabricated porous PDMS through microfluidic technology to improve the compression resilience and incorporated conductive polymers PPy, which formed a strong covalent bond with the PDMS matrix, reducing the hysteresis to 2% (Fig. 3a), and the gap was estimated to be less than 10nm between each other. Morphological Engineering of Sensing Materials for Flexible Pressure Sensors and Artificial Intelligence Applications. 6(1), 1900916 (2020). The PS microspheres were removed via a heat treatment (Fig. Wang and co-workers fabricated a machine-knitted washable textile TENG, which can still precisely monitor physiological signals after several times of washing [31]. These 3D water-pathway designs with abundant and open pores facilitate water transport with sufficient capillary effect as a driving force. Koomoa, D.-L. T., Musch, M. W. & Goldstein, L. Osmotic stress stimulates the organic osmolyte channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing skate (Raja erinacea) AE1. revised the manuscript. A similar trend in blood urea was also observed, which could be attributed to the migration of urea from the blood vessel to the sweat glands. Alkynyl-based covalent organic frameworks as high-performance anode materials for potassium-ion batteries. 16j-k). Sci. ACS Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2016.12.001, S. Wang, L. Lin, Z.L. Chem. ACS Appl. The authors declare no competing interests. 46, 31213126 (2021). Joule 4, 435447 (2020). 20). It can be seen that the 3dB bandwidths for different sized cell rovers do not overlap and compared to the antenna with the highest average signal in each bandwidth, the detected signal from the other antennas is negligible. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.015, S. Lee, A. Reuveny, J. Reeder, S. Lee, H. Jin et al., A transparent bending-insensitive pressure sensor. We developed an injection scheme involving non-uniform magnetic fields for intracellular injection of the Cell Rovers and demonstrated their operation in fully opaque, stage VI Xenopus oocytes, for which real-time imaging with conventional technologies is challenging. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC04893B, H.M. The mechanical resonance behavior of the resonator is modeled as a parallel LCR circuit as shown in Supplementary Fig. The resonator response in cell cytoplasm was also studied using analytical equations and the obtained values for mass loading and viscous damping parameters are shown in Supplementary Table4. d The case of Nano pronunciation measured by pressure sensor and respective short-time Fourier transform-processed 3D spectrograms [49]. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201600117, L. Miao, J. Wan, Y. 9, 2458 (2018). 31(5), 2006612 (2021). Jiang, T. et al. Han, G. Lee, S. Lee, S.W. b Comparison between measured and FEA simulated wirelessly detected voltage amplitude from a Cell Rover in air as a function of frequency of excitation magnetic field. Ramireddy, T. et al. Figure2c shows the simulated strain distribution and Fig. Methods 98, 6065 (2016). Since the receiving (Rx) coil is inductively coupled to the Cell Rover, it is designed to have maximum number of turns, minimum parasitic capacitance and a self-resonance frequency (SRF) much higher than the frequency of interest which is 4.5MHz for a 500m long resonator from Eq. 27(3), 1604434 (2017). Then solutions with different pH were carefully drop-cast onto the 4-MBA-modified plasmonic interface and the remaining SERS detection steps were similar to those above. A highly uniform substrate regardless of mechanical deformation for repeatable SERS measurement is still urged. Energy Mater. 5g-h) [225]. Sound is a longitudinal wave [97], driving the air along the direction of propagation vibrates near the equilibrium position and leading to the formation of alternating waves. The finite element analysis simulations of the electric field were performed by COMSOL Multiphysics. Cell Rovers can overcome these limitations of existing technologies and can be highly advantageous in the investigation and manipulation of these cells and thus, open up new avenues for studying fundamental biology and lead to novel healthcare applications. Adv. & Grimes, C. A. 3g, the maximum water yield per unit of energy consumption (5215.1mLm2kWh1) also occurred in the case of the one-layer one-hour case. Lee, K. et al. Int. a-c Smart table tennis for point analysis [21]. 9, 1802986 (2019). Interest in integrated networks of sensors has been motivated by promising applications in intelligent robotics [40,41,42], humanmachine interactions (HMI) [34, 35, 43, 44], biomimetic prostheses [4, 45,46,47], smart homes [48,49,50], digitizing sports [20, 21, 51, 52], wireless monitoring in security [17, 23, 44, 53], and machine learning (ML)-enabled computational sensing platforms [54,55,56,57,58,59,60], promoting the advancement of AI systems. Kobrinsky, E., Spielman, A. L., Rosenzweig, S. & Marks, A. R. Ceramide triggers intracellular calcium release via the IP(3) receptor in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Microsyst. c Electrostatic interaction between PS sphere and MXene [113]. Through adjusting the concentration of Ag NW and the selection of PVA and PLGA, the antibacterial and biodegradable capability of e-skins can be tuned, respectively. Energy Mater. Kim, H. et al. Ice-templated freezing, known as freeze-casting, is a self-assembly method consisting of ice crystal growth and the repelled active materials on the surface, forming a regulated lamellar or porous structure [114, 243, 250]. Sci. J. Khatua et al., Bio-waste onion skin as an innovative nature-driven piezoelectric material with high energy conversion efficiency. 5a and their resonance frequency and amplitude was recorded. Mater. MATH If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Wang, H. et al. Patterning methods represented by lithography [115, 132], printing [116, 252, 253], and polymerization [117] are the most commonly used strategies for preparing a patterned microstructure of active sensing materials used in pressure sensors. in sensing materials. & Lednev, I. K. Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signature of sweat and its potential application to forensic body fluid identification. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Kim, I. Ha, M. Kim, J. Choi, P. Won et al., A deep-learned skin sensor decoding the epicentral human motions. Nat. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803377, M. Zhu, Y. Yue, Y. Cheng, Y. Zhang, J. Su et al., Hollow MXene sphere/reduced graphene aerogel composites for piezoresistive sensor with ultra-high sensitivity. (1). Mater. describes the capillary number in porous media [105,106]. Bandodkar, A. J. et al. acknowledges funding from Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation (14ZR1410200) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21503079). Article Dev. b The tactile sensors fabricated by pattern printing [116]. Inside the ceramic lining, the electrodes were fabricated in the order of cathode (MSCNFs), separator (glass fiber), anode (K foil) and SS spacer (Supplementary Fig. Furthermore, new research avenues related to direct solar utilization in the form of PV/T panels or individual solar absorbers in conjunction with thermal storage should be investigated in detail, which could improve the overall system energy efficiency. Yang, L. et al. J. Your browser will take you to a Web page (URL) associated with that DOI name. ACS Nano 10(12), 1091210920 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201902484, F. Peng, D. Liu, W. Zhao, G. Zheng, Y. Ji et al., Facile fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerator based on low-cost thermoplastic polymeric fabrics for large-area energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Chem. 54, 1434 (2012). Compos. Liu, P. et al. The optimum magnetic field gradient required for successful injection was determined from multiple experiments by positioning the cell at different distances above the center of the permanent magnet after inserting the Cell Rover into the cell membrane. Sundaram et al. Viability of a practical multicyclic sorption-based water harvester with improved water yield. Mater. The portable SERS analyzer (commercial device, not customized one) can decode the sweat fingerprint information of targeted biomarkers of urea, lactate, and pH at the molecular level, significantly expanding the accessible scenarios of wearable SERS sensors for point-of-care test (POCT) applications. Nanoelectronics can be fabricated on the Cell Rover platform leveraging the five decades of glorious Moores Scaling and advancement in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). Song, X. Cheng, X. Chen et al., Omnidirectional bending and pressure sensor based on stretchable CNT-PU sponge. 15). These features of microstructures are summarized in Table 3. Nat. Extended Data Figure 6 Morphology, electric field and CO, A general synthesis of single atom catalysts with controllable atomic and mesoporous structures, Continuous CO2 electrolysis using a CO2 exsolution-induced flow cell. 21, 3049 (2020). Lett. Another significant issue of the previously-proposed wearable sweat SERS platforms is the readout system. Flexible plasmonic devices by integration of SERS with wearable techniques have attracted tremendous attention for diverse wearable biomedical applications32,33,34,35,36,37. d Optical image of a Xenopus oocyte with a Cell Rover partially inserted into the cell membrane. Mater. J. Biol. 26(34), 62466256 (2016). Piezoelectric sensors are widely used to detect pressure and high-frequency vibration dynamically due to their high sensitivity and transient sensing ability. Copyright (2020) Elsevier. These microstructures commonly occur at the nanometer and micrometer scale, including variable energy bands [94], and tunable layer spacing [95,96,97], cracks [98,99,100,101], microroughness [93, 102, 103], porous hierarchicalstructure [32, 34, 37, 61, 104,105,106], and multiscale hierarchical structure [25, 63, 74, 82, 107,108,109,110]. 4, 193201 (2021). Nayak, S. Bhattacharyya, J. Zhu, J. Liu, X. Wu et al., Pressure-induced semiconducting to metallic transition in multilayered molybdenum disulphide. The transmission \(({T}_{x})\) coil generates the AC excitation magnetic field and a permanent magnet is used to produce the required DC bias magnetic field. Linearly polarized 785, 633, and 532nm plane wave illumination beams were respectively directed onto the plasmonic nanostructures with polarization along the array axis. The amplitude of oscillation of the resonator in response to a small AC magnetic field excitation depends on the magnetostrictivity (\(d=\frac{d\lambda }{{dH}}\)) of the material which is the slope of the magnetostriction (\(\lambda\)) vs magnetic field strength (H) curve as shown in Supplementary Fig. Fathieh, F. et al. Based on the presented strategy, we demonstrate the viability of the multicycle mode and pursue its potential of maximum water productivity in a single day under practical climatic conditions. Introduction: All degrees are modular, with the equivalent of six modules in each year (note these may be split into sub modules). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00434-8, S. Sundaram, P. Kellnhofer, Y. Li, J.Y. Filipe, D. Ljubic, Y. Luo et al., Development of a Highly sensitive, broad-range hierarchically structured reduced graphene oxide/polyHIPE foam for pressure sensing. Sci. The effect of DC bias magnetic field on the detected voltage was also studied which showed that an optimum bias field is critical for obtaining maximum signal to noise ratio. To achieve this, a variety of techniques have been developed, involving introduction of different extraneous agents into the cells. 13)1,11,12,18,19,20,22,23,25,26,28. 1, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics achieves sweat collection with programmable flowing routing and eliminates contamination and evaporation. Batteries. And a variety of microstructures have been utilized in capacitive pressure sensors to achieve a fast response time in the ms range, including randomly distributed microridges [75] and porous pyramids [121]. npj Flex Electron 6, 60 (2022). A moisture-hungry copper complex harvesting air moisture for potable water and autonomous urban agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0996, L. Yang, Y. Liu, C.D.M. Some sensing systems have been successfully made transparent by microengineering the active layer to obtain a suitable layer thickness and refractive index with a minimum amount of materials. c Pressure sensor as acoustic detector [205]. Supplementary Fig. One test zone of the volunteers arm was thoroughly washed and swabbed by a medical alcohol strip before placing the sensor patches. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00796-7, P. Xue, S. Liu, X. Shi, C. Sun, C. Lai et al., A hierarchical silver-nanowire-graphene host enabling ultrahigh rates and superior long-term cycling of lithium-metal composite anodes. Liu, M., Pang, Y., Zhang, B. et al. C 115, 1671116719 (2011), Friedman, A. M. & Kennedy, J. W. The self-diffusion coefficients of potassium, cesium, iodide and chloride ions in aqueous solutions. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201302962, H. Chen, Z. Su, Y. This research work was funded by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. This could be attributed that anaerobic exercise occurred at that time. Zhao, J. et al. d Schematic illustration, ef Circuit diagram and sensing mechanism of the multilayer-stacked conductive fabric [50]. Song, G. Su et al., Protein-inspired self-healable Ti3C2 MXenes/rubber-based supramolecular elastomer for intelligent sensing. 5, 31243131 (2020). 28(40), 1803413 (2018). 6, 17951802 (2021). Interfaces 12(7), 82888295 (2020). Tao et al. b Schematic of all-in-one biofluid flowing, store, and SERS analysis based on a microfluidic plasmonic device. Shan, H., Li, C., Chen, Z. et al. Liu, Y. et al. Plasmonic microneedle arrays for in situ sensing with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. ACS Appl. PubMed Central Chem. Adv. Exceptional water production yield enabled by batch-processed portable water harvester in semi-arid climate, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33062-w. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Adv. 4b), and minimum mechanical damage [74, 78]. Nano-Micro Lett. Edward H. Sargent. d Wrinkle structures [103]. 13, 2761 (2022). Ed. Mater. 2, e1500323 (2016). 4, 844848 (2009), Das, J. 22, 160167 (2019). c, Au(110) facet. Sci. Nat. CAS https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.45.12, D. Sengupta, J. Romano, A.G.P. In contrast, the Eco-flex encapsulation layer caused the formation of random micro-cracks in the internal graphene film, substantially increasing the resistance of the sensor and its sensitivity. 8c shows the simulated and measured response for the resonator vibration in cell cytoplasm. Some structures are stacked or combined, forming a hierarchical structure to optimize the sensing performance. Mach. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Based on the whole empty volume (~11.8L) and biofluid filling time (~14min), the total flow rate was calculated to be about 0.84L/min, viz., 0.14L/min for each inlet. This is consistent with the dynamic desorption result of sorbents (Fig. The capillary number (N c) can be used in the context of hydrogen storage to evaluate the performance of hydrogen flow in porous media. Pressure sensors with high transparency. It is sub-mm in size, acoustically actuated by an AC magnetic field and resonantly operated at low MHz frequencies, which is ideal for living systems. The capillary number (N c) can be used in the context of hydrogen storage to evaluate the performance of hydrogen flow in porous media. These advantages are highly attributed to the advanced thermal design of the device to avoid the use of complex auxiliary devices, and the proposed operation strategy to fully utilize the desorption time. 45, 1221 (2020). Nam, Y.H. NPG Asia Mater. Komaba, S., Hasegawa, T., Dahbi, M. & Kubota, K. Potassium intercalation into graphite to realize high-voltage/high-power potassium-ion batteries and potassium-ion capacitors. As pH increased from 4 to 8, the Raman band between 1400 and 1425cm1 (attributed to carboxylate stretching37, referred to cbx hereinafter) underwent an obvious blue shift (Fig. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Rens group simulated the stress distribution of microcolumn, pyramid, dome, and randomly distributed spinosum (RDS) micro-geometric structures under typical pressure values [102]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2017.06.002, X. Wang, L. Dong, H. Zhang, R. Yu, C. Pan et al., Recent progress in electronic skin. However, these non-microfluidic sweat systems rely on sweat-permeable (porous) SERS substrates that allow sweat to wick and occupy the hotspots. Mater.
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