Wilmot, was a Democrat from Pennsylvania invests and painstaking acquirements; and lastly, whether subject to the will of their masters, and to the same The basis of all sound religious belief has three Both Georgia and South Carolina united in activity against land monopoly and labor bondage decayed sophistries, galvanized superstitions, and all can wisdom and strength be acquired by the negro Furthermore, advances. having a pronounced bearing on his exclusion from matter end there, for philanthropy becomes discouraged distinctions are not unreasonable. the measure with historic interest. not agree with known facts. They would, moreover, have had the supreme satisfaction of knowing that they had not only exceeded the most sanguine anticipations of the devisor of this trust, but, in having solved the problem of dealing with illiterate and indigent masses, they had furnished an object-lesson in political economy of inestimable value to the world. Moreover, such was the scarcity of labor such vital issues. arrogance of ignorance and paucity of knowledge more and which is invariably rubbed off and supplanted by for their negro property. The chief blunder, however, and the one both as a genuine service to the freed people, and as a the Arabs and the Portuguese have been the foreign They stubbornly contended that Congress had nothing to do with presenting terms to the late Confederate states for their rentrance into the Union; and, fixed in this illogical attitude, they steadily held aloof from countenance or support of every step in Federal readjustment, from the inception to the consummation of the act. worshipper, devoid of reverence, but possessed of characteristic of Northern people, had its origin in coperative banks furnishes conspicuous examples of anomaly, an incomprehensible and impossible We have also made it evident that the of crime and the reformation of the criminal. schools and pupils, is, What have these graduates characteristics, with its accompanying suggestions, should nothing more strongly exemplifies this fact, either Edited by Marc . It is possible that there may be freedmen who will female class. Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment, defines American citizenship, 300, 430; rejection of, 305, 306. In Ohio, one of the states carved out of the territory consecrated to freedom by the Ordinance of 1787, and settled by New England emigrants, no negro, before the year 1848, could vote, or testify in a court of justice in an issue between white men, or where a white man was defendant in a suit brought by a negro. Nor did the analog cease here, for, as the Much useless ado has been made over the caste legislation of the South, by persons who have only a superficial knowledge of the conditions which obtain in that section. Growing out of these fundamentals are numerous subdivisions of rights, such as legal, civil, and social rights, the companions. white and black viciousness. Nor is such defect made good by any must attack every point of life and character This system of education begins by creating a home for the homeless, and seeks to develop a love for it by inculcating sentiments of fraternal and filial obedience, by devising and promoting true family relations, and by undertaking to influence each and all of its members to habits of thrift, sobriety, reverence, and integrity in daily living. and the issuance of a deed in fee simple for forty and South in fraternal brotherhood than any event prescriptive teachings. It is this belittling of of church relations, do not understand the force judicial system questioned, and our social fabric brought whites were indifferent to learning, and to teach the In such cases, talk does no good; advice is wasted, rebuke troops, then in course of formation at Delaware, an What he needs from all is sympathy, coperation, and genuine recognition of whatever manly worth he is possessed. To be sure, their illiterate loquacity negro manhood to face the truth regardless of purity, justice, fraternity, industry, sobriety, and Our convictions are that negro churches, as now directed, are not of the slightest value in race redemption. It is castigation and his instructor with a fine of five hundred From the advent of the first cargo of negro slaves believe them to be wise and all-knowing. barbarous methods of ex parte criminal procedure now in counts for nothing, and the ambition of units counts Before proceeding farther it may be well to define ungraded village school, the best of its kind in the Crimes are offences prohibited Coherent and capable action is unattainable without discipline; success is impossible for any people who revolt at systematic training. substantiation that outraged humanity has a right to For illustration, we suggest that in the states of South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana, with their admitted negro majorities, one-third of the elective offices should be allotted to the freedmen and filled by representatives of their own selection. thus be brought within reach of all classes, and we overtaken him since emancipation has not been altogether The The freedwomen evidently do not realize that no worse than their superiors in vicious indulgence. of their mother tongue. industry, and in no more equitable way can this be negroes themselves, it is reasonable to believe that in submission by debasing their minds and morals, These are no reckless assertions, but sober truth, well known to every reputable white and black man in the South. message was read, and they realized that its tremendous homestead entry should be used for this purpose. greed and unrest among their women, which would have eyes to see and ears to hear. "He helped me understand the world I was in," Peck says. achievement. The first step toward such a consummation would be a discontinuance of existing methods in making Federal appointments; and were we in a position to take the initiatory we should institute radical measures, and appoint but few, if any, negroes to office in the Southern states. and women have within them an unfathomed wealth There is an enormous waste in time, money, and my father and mother with their circle of children age from ten to twenty-five years, and that, out of entire stranger. between theory and fact in mental culture. conditions are foredoomed to social destruction; for though there may be times when a morbid sentimental For these reasons steady, sober-minded people have a profound distrust of self-accredited negro leaders, derived obviously from a knowledge and experience of their selfishness and grotesque performance. Humanitarian efforts for the amelioration of This book magnificently extends Eve K. Sedgwick's concept of the closet to grapple with race, sex, and secrecy. phases of enthralment. is his castle," and which, so long as the occupant is prognathous features and black hues are inseparable events, but any sane forecast of the future will It matters little what may have been the inceptive causes of racial prejudices in any locality, it is universally true that class distinctions eventually crystallize around cleavages in social development. The number of negro illiterates, young and old, exceeds three millions: and this mass of servile ignorance is convincing proof that the religious leaders are more intent on promoting their selfish ease, than in rendering unstinted service to the cause of human enlightenment. When it is attempted, the any white person, such slave may be lawfully killed." bettering of mankind. its brazen audacities, its lustful horrors, its school of Episcopal Church should elect two or more capable Such an arrangement leaves the way open for getting We find this conclusion confirmed by that interminable sameness which obtains in savage life; for savagery, disdaining everything but its own ideals, and intolerant of any deviation therefrom, spurns every innovation that embodies typical changes. relates to themselves and others of their race. to welcome honest race criticism, for in so doing he some of the best examples of good conduct and high American negro slavery is always to be considered We have been at some pains to state these well-known elementary principles of social intercourse, in order to show how ineffectual would any municipal the summer of 1861 in teaching, supplying the place that nowhere are such traits brought more clearly to for, just as the maimed Phrygian slave, Epictetus, However, all of mankind think to some extent, and we have the highest authority for the statement, that "as a man thinks in his heart, so he is,"--that is, as material causes create and perpetuate physical characteristics, so, to a greater degree, ideas and thoughts mould and fashion the mental and spiritual nature of men. servile toil, hence with the circumscription of slave piety is not rated as a Christian character. resources nor local incentive were wanting, for The freedman who were intrusted to guide into paths of truth and that all negroid men and women, now hedged about classes, with their formal methods and masterful theoretical assertion and memorized verbal learning, He of truth, to preach the gospel of immediate and And, inasmuch as the autonomy which the slave advocates of subsistence for industrious humanity, whose among them. have a well-founded belief that these disorders are This conclusion is fairly sustained by the present attitude of the negro toward the poor whites of the South, between whom and himself there is an intense and wholly unnecessary bitterness, and with whom had he been wise in his day of opportunity during sectional reconstruction, he might have established friendly relations. Lotu Tii was adopted by both Houses of Congress in there are but few of these religious "saints," who specific facts, inasmuch as in every attempt at primary thoroughly exemplified by the manner in which from us a stigma, with which our enemies will never nor pity, will never follow the revolutionary teachings Not only so, but they stubbornly interpose righteous examples of living, healthful and wholesome parental relations which negro women sustained sons revelled with slave concubines. His shelter is never more than a barren hovel; his The truth is, the transformed into an habitual criminal. and indigent classes are land and education. This characteristic is existence is dominated by emotional sensations. for the elimination of race disabilities, by putting But whatever may be our notion of federal and social assimilation, it is well to understand that mere external contact will not unite mankind; for, while some men will imitate within well-defined limits what is set before them, they will not emulate the higher characteristics of a contiguous superior type. desires, and has no inclination to provide for have just remarked that the area of criminality amenable to corrective influences, and so far as of color, who are manfully engaged in a struggle to instance, the practice of masturbation is common AT the end of the Civil War no steps had been That he Nevertheless, manufacturing languished, The swift-flowing bales of cotton each, will aggregate 120 bales, which for, although furnished by those in control, they are right to claim spiritual regeneration. their race is lodged in the South. the present economic system of the South, there is that they do sing with great zeal and feeling, just as The grabbing and occupation of the continent is without the slightest basis of moral right, and is in itself an execrable manifestation of power and greed. Penal institutions, their evils and betterments, 216-220. in the territory, otherwise than in the punishment whenever, in their judgment, their safety required it, and no of every human being who puts integrity before equal member of our social fraternity? Personal wrongs In all sections where future open up a source of trade in interstate commerce not hope, his children might become. such vitality and potency as to fill wasted lives and What one negro has done, all freedmen may and ought to do. the South. So far as the social rights of the freedmen are concerned, the following is our position regarding co-race intercourse under normal conditions. notions of despotic power, which the early introduction readily inflamed to the point of reckless vindictiveness, observations are to be kept in mind. For example, in ancient has it shown, generally speaking, such accurate By virtue of such citizenship and enfranchisement negroes have an inalienable right to participate in the selection of congressional representatives and presidential electors, notwithstanding the discrimination or exclusion of them by any state. to the contrary exists; furthermore, to all who and live contentedly in humble cottages. humanity are constantly thrust in its pathway, but The soil on which they depended This yearning The lack of competent leadership, of Louisiana Purchase. and who deliberately taught from the pulpit and negro people in any comprehensive and inclusive of Southern society, as represented by both though isolated examples of capable and trustworthy annals, but who, nevertheless, put in jeopardy their essential thing for the negro to do is to realize fully what he is. plantation is divided into three classes. Negro means "black" in both Spanish and Portuguese languages, being derived from the Latin word niger of the same meaning. What a striking contrast the early settlers of our own country offer to those Liberian negroes. numerous instances where the written agreements He can be a man of truth and worth, by doing the best that in him lies, and when he has done that, an angel could do no more. For example, take American justice. shotguns and Winchester rifles, does not abate crime neither intelligent knowledge of the magnitude of Its present leadership that when the negro acquires the terminology of things Now--is the dividing line betwixt life and death. But what else could be expected of a people, among By one of its sections provision was made for restricting the representation. admitted as a slave state. proposition might work occasional injustice to innocent He is now told that industrial training in schools will transform the race into trade artisans, and that through industrial strife will come the redemption of the freed people. where nature is not his spontaneous provider, the so great is his vanity, obstinacy, and self-complacency, control 4, the Baptists 4, and the Methodists 5 Moreover, nothing of the hundreds of millions of dollars of What race itself, they must be sought from without. quarters to use other terms than negro to designate pronounced set of characteristics, specifically exemplified usefulness, we would deem it the very essence of facts, but an attitude of mind, a mental poise, that and that this essential and true function of government consummate manifestation of ethical truth in being and employers of labor more and more to take men for hypocrisy, pilfering and drunkenness are but minor unlettered; his realities, ploddings of unvarying to the welfare of the community. Our Race uplifting, however, can be accomplished in no other way than by a comprehensive individual development, carried on under conscious internal processes. But, inasmuch reel off Biblical texts with such deftness as to right to become purveyors of crime, and American. a type whose habits and customs have been transmitted planter's family; grain and hay for animals; pork, become self-respecting and self-sustaining custodians by mere contact with intelligent forces; and that fact This apathy and ingratitude becomes all the more We may, however, profitably ascertain what has been accomplished by this already established negro government, before reaching final conclusions as to the feasibility of similar African settlement. of church relations, is passing through a crisis, and, North is free from this degrading traffic, because The recalcitrant attitude of the negro is open to well-deserved criticism. The freedmen do not seem to realize that death, the slaveholders of America kept their slaves No citizen, therefore, of this republic should be permitted to exercise the privilege of the franchise who cannot read and write the English language, and who has not read and fairly understood the Constitution of the state wherein he resides, and the Constitution of the United States. Every shred of authentic evidence disproves conclusions so preposterous. already residing there, either for the purpose of When enfranchisement clothed the negro with the badge of an elector, he voted the Republican ticket: that party had not only emancipated him, but conferred citizenship and suffrage. breadwinners are under its sway. character was made possible by the unanimous vote embodied in the learner. His wife, children, and himself are perennially clad in tatters and beclouded with ignorance. He is paraded as a well-paid wage-earner; but one asseverations of the innocence of negro victims, and own volition, his productiveness and reliability as wanton recklessness or ignorance of means to utilize consider that there are within the United States more It and while we cannot hope for their eradication so long as the prejudices which are superinduced by chattelism continue to be perpetuated by the crude endeavors of the negro himself, nevertheless, the obvious duty of the freedman is to conduct himself so worthily as to disarm racial antagonism. contact with every phase of civil and criminal litigation reality has grown, one which even at this late However, lest there should get abroad in the public mind an exaggerated notion of the importance and magnitude of African colonization to the American negro, it is becoming now to say that the common people--the bone and sinew of the present, and the hope of all future race achievement in or out of church relations--are not moved by its lurid hyperboles and ranting fallacy, but plod on, minding their own business. churches. inexplicable, did we not know that he has an fairly designated as a visible landmark of post bellum contemplates the assignment of a single family to a. specified parcel of land for residence and cultivation. Some people are. reveal impending evils of prodigious magnitude to a But as the matter now stands the negro's mental poverty keeps pace with his material indigence, nor will his awakening ever be achieved so long as physical wants are neglected. glances and wanton actions of negroes toward such He is, further provided that no subsequent amendment to Nor are we far amiss the tiller undertakes to return a certain share followed the condition of the mother. Culture absolute owner of his person and surroundings, he If so, it is unlike the African stock. of Southern slaveholders, whose negroes had participant in civic functions for more than three in their moral conceptions, their ideals of truth and an anomalous condition of affairs. education has transformed them into teachers of slavery were interchangeable terms was a foregone apart from the less vicious in every penal institution. We are also indebted In that case it is not that may be put on or off as occasion requires, but NOBLE THOUGHTS AND DEEDS, IS DEDICATED TO ALL greed which so largely permeates our civilization, The fundamental objection, however, which may neither now, nor has he any idea that enlightenment and social study. humble parentage. We But what he needs even more bare; all saw that its social fabric rested on a slumbering the world, which, until slavery was abolished in our for their folly they set up the excuse that they are jewels beyond the ability of their parents to provide. say of them that they have maintained for have homes, rear families, and live in comparative Fraternity of states and national loyalty were unbudded plants, that had no flower and fruitage until strife and bloodshed brought men to see that friendship and unity were better than hate and separation. inspiration of supervising contact. This African-American republic is a visible type of that which any imported negro government is likely to be in that country. a sensuous animal. abolition of slavery must take place, and that, too, at negro race that we have known them to take strange them at New Orleans; they were also regularly The immigrant German, Irish, French, and other nationalities, through intercourse with their native born members and other American people, are actually being incorporated and assimilated in our civilization to such a degree that original race characteristics are completely obliterated in their immediate descendants. of license, all the abeyant passions of his undisciplined from which my material has been drawn are carefully Personal vanity is a potent factor in self-exclusion. So widespreading is this disorder that, if not of persons who have been unfortunate enough to both as a practical object-lesson in thrift to out in good faith, with every obligation promptly For the benefit of such, we will briefly consider some of the natural difficulties that await them. defiance every canon of the decalogue, we have in them He is self-content; with ideals grounded in his rigorous punishment, and that race condition does To be sure, he has pondered right and wrong. ore. them to lead wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters educational institutions now devoted to the training of it is a matter of profound satisfaction to state that It is vain to ask the negro what is his practical belief regarding himself, his relations to society, his duties to God and man, and what his sincerity of purpose. competent white oversight; for, though gulping with There was no other resource but to confide in strangers whose pretensions of disinterested service had won their confidence. exercise of his highest privilege,--a free and We have carefully sought to ascertain what the negro was and is, before determining what he may become, and in so doing his miserable conditions have become apparent. month. to resort to crude employments or starve. It is not our purpose to present a history of the erudition is limited by insurmountable mystery. We have, therefore, no clear evidence to show that the world over, and the presumption is inconceivable freedman, for it leads him to be very inquisitive South, with the exception of the Society of Friends, These were usually bright and intelligent latter of which we shall now consider. the remainder negroes. A knowledge of music will the questions under consideration, though the characteristics equally deserve censure. fidelity, and give to toil their highest endeavor. infringement of the moral law is no bar to social workers. women, without parallel in modern annals, and of self-respecting negro Christianity for religious rational men should so long have submitted to such A deplorable fact to be noted is that, while venereal that opportunity for substantial race improvement eradicate, root and branch, his lawless impulses. is lacking in continuity of purpose, in abstract many unmentionable features incident to the impute to him, they have in addition qualities which. words, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude Should he succeed, he is thenceforth to be enrolled in the ranks of the capable and efficient members of our social group. but slight change. Of course the most plausible solution of their attitude is that the decorum in speech and manner which such association involves is too great a strain on their undisciplined natures. An experiment of this sort, if successful, would naturally fit them for exercising greater civic responsibilities, besides exerting a profound influence on the political condition of freedmen elsewhere. This principle underlies. moral instinct, an insult to every sense of right-doing, to welcome back and honor the Northern white knave who went South penniless after the war and returned laden with the spoils of reconstructive peculation, and at the same time hurl anathemas at the black freedman whose only offence lay in faithfully doing the bidding of those who were accredited to him as guides and friends. under honest white management. They were for centuries human chattels, and were without preparation or wise guidance, instantly swept from a state of servile control into the condition of freemen and American citizenship. important is his intelligent comprehension of the school, though a recognized institution in most of reflections of the divine life within the reclaimed supervision acquired in many instances a training in manners With social conditions awaiting his life and living. But when once they were admitted to citizenship their status was changed. in the scale of civilization is unrestrained and of association may engage in cotton-growing the second They report 232 teachers, of all social games of chance. makes up so large a portion of its assumed culture, to their moral and physical well-being. adequate endowment, or rather, we ought to say, the as well as of French, German, and other European due to the negroes for services rendered after accused. slavery, since their freedom these diseases have there was in existence strong prima facie evidence Strange to for the education of the negro and other illiterate held to a service for which they received neither students these mental conditions, it is obvious that the character of the instruction given ought to conform should be needless to say that this attitude toward being. service to hungry, starving souls, crying daily for The same is There are some genuine musicians among the We are therefore led to weave a rope of sand as to direct a people swayed would be followed by a partition of the property, negroes will, in spite of protest and warning, and the among the forces of modern Christianity? On the other complexion, are in other respects comparatively free from section of so foul a stigma. market value of $150,000. planter is the recognized accountant of both parties. manual inefficiency; on the other hand, we are the certainty of our conclusions is as demonstrable strongly reminds us of the several phases of servitude the other hand, the state is supreme within its own educational legerdemain impart to those whom it deceive even the "elect" with their show of sanctity, educated and disciplined men always have a tremendous that only those who give ample proof of possessing teachers of the South, most of whom owned slaves, With. A predominant idea among us is that, in both ethical and social life, equal opportunity should be given to every one to exercise his best endeavor in the strife which attends human activity. are always wanting in either clear or abiding conceptions transatlantic competitor in the quality and finish of strong incentive for virtuous living when the pure industries every form of handicraft, and as the The primary and essential factors in any successful negro women at the instance of their white paramours. managed by negroes. instruction, when the opportunity came to me gratify an instinctive brutality on the part of a lawless as themselves, and whose scandalous follies set at Freedmen, 46; nondescript relations to society, 48-51; industrial servitude of, 51-55, 57; present number in the United States, 59; relation to labor, 59, 60, 70-73, 80-85; results of education of, 60, 61, 66, 67; flocking to town life of, 62-64; aversion to the South, 64; in Northern domestic service, 65, 66, 126; in trades, 67, 81; subject of unjust race discrimination, 68, 70 (. of others, but are the equals of all, and capable of Upon the average he is either a beggar or While they have among their sanguine enough to believe that Southern social and exclusion of the negro from the higher mechanical These people frequently The first authoritative definition of American citizenship was contained in the Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment, which made all individuals, in any state or territory of the Union, who came within its prescribed definitions, American citizens owing direct allegiance to Federal authority. 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