(During, Seven Songs About Armenia (Yot yerg Hayastani masin) doc. 2. 146 BCE Thessalonica is made the captial of the Roman province of Macedon . Soon after the Hayasa-Azzi were the Nairi tribal confederation (14001000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000600 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55 BC. It is widely believed by Armenians at large that Kocharyan is responsible for the parliament shooting. In both rounds, electoral observers from the OSCE reported significant amounts of electoral fraud by Demirchyan's supporters and numerous supporters of Demirchyan were arrested before the second round took place. Kocharyan himself negotiated with terrorists to lease the MP hostages. However, later Sultans, such as Abdul Hamid II stopped the reforms and carried out massacres, now known as the Hamidian massacres of 189596 leading to a failed Armenian attempt to assassinate him. During this time, Armenia had a sizeable Azeri minority, mostly centred in Yerevan. [91] As a result of which an estimated 57,000 Armenian refugees from Persia returned to the territory of the Erivan Khanate after 1828, while about 35,000 Muslims (Persians, Turkic groups, Kurds, Lezgis, etc.) [81] It was the beginning of the Russo-Persian War (18041813). Mustafa Kemal (Atatrk) sent several delegations to Moscow in an attempt to win some support for his own post-Ottoman movement in what he saw as a modernised ethno-nationalist Turkey. The Sebasteion from Aphrodisias in southern Asia Minor represents an ideal case for this question. Provinces of Armenia Aragatsotn Ashtarak The population of 2011 is 132,925. The order to withdraw was given; but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land, he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain. Indeed, Roman supremacy was fully established by the campaigns of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo,[45] that ended with a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor. 6 BCE New king of Parthia: Phraataces [76] World powers, such as Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy and even the Abbasid Caliph competed and vied for influence over the state and each raced to be the first to recognise Leo II, Prince of Lesser Armenia, as the rightful king. Armenia (roman Province) - Encyclopedia Information Home Search Translate Roman Armenia Information In 1804, Pavel Tsitsianov invaded the Iranian town of Ganja and massacred many of its inhabitants while making the rest flee deeper within the borders of Qajar Iran. [101], After the Armistice of Mudros and the withdrawal of the Ottomans, the Georgian forces remained. Artaxias took lands from the Medes, Iberians, and Syrians. However, widespread recognition did not occur until the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991. The Arsacid dynasty lost control of Armenia for a few years when emperor Trajan created the "Roman Province of Armenia", fully included into the Roman Empire from 114 to 117 AD. The signing of the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (1 January 1918), helped Vehib Pasha to attack the new Republic. Not only was this indicative of Christianity great success in the east, but actually predates the possible 'conversion' of Constantine the Great. Between 1200 and 800 BC, much of Armenia was united under a confederation of tribes, which Assyrian sources called Nairi ("Land of Rivers" in Assyrian"). In the 1960s excavations in the Yerevan 1 Cave uncovered evidence of ancient human habitation, including the remains of a 48,000-year-old heart, and a human cranial fragment and tooth of a similar age. [140] A ceasefire agreement was signed on 10 November, in which the occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh were handed over to Azerbaijan. Corsica and Sardinia (Corsica et Sardinia) 436 CE (Vandals) 197 BCE. Any individual who was suspected of using or introducing nationalist, racist and conservative rhetoric or elements in their works were labelled traitors or propagandists, and were sent to prisons in Siberia. Despite his successes though, mutinies within the legions forced his recall just a few years later, and Pompey the Great replaced him. [17][18][19], The Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region is one of the earliest known prehistoric cultures in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 60004000 BC. Armenia often served as a client state or vassal at the frontier of the two large empires and their successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. Provincia Armenia ; Province of the Roman Empire: 114-118: Capital: Artashat: History: Historical era: Classical antiquity Established . In the conquered territories Abbas established the Erivan Khanate, a Muslim principality under the dominion of the Safavid Empire. The Georgians offered a quadripartite conference comprising Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in order to resolve the issue. [5] Erebuni has been described as "designed as a great administrative and religious centre, a fully royal capital. The territory of a people who were defeated in war might be brought under various forms of treaty, in some cases entailing complete subjection (deditio). The discovery of gold in the 2nd century BCE had drawn Roman settlers into the region only to be quickly expelled by the native Taurisci. "[6], The Iron Age kingdom of Urartu (Assyrian for Ararat) was replaced by the Orontid dynasty. Of the 300,000 deported it is calculated that less than half survived the march to Isfahan. [30] It is possible that the name Armenia originates in Armini, Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country. Under the rule of Tigranes I (the Great), the son-in-law of Mithridates VI of Pontus, Armenia fostered their own imperialistic designs in the early 1st century BC. [16] Macedonia becomes a Roman province. This invariably led to war, since it was Rome, and not Parthia who held the right of Armenian succession. [136][137] Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister. The country was seized later by Tigranes II The Great of Armenia (83); he ruled until his defeat by Pompey, who ended years of anarchy by making Syria a Roman province (64-63). Although the borders of the two countries were still undefined, Azerbaijan claimed most of the territory Armenia was sitting on, demanding all or most parts of the former Russian provinces of Elizavetpol, Tiflis, Yerevan, Kars and Batum. I have been living in Turkey for more than ten years. The ancient region of Armenia occupied the bulk of the lower Caucasus mountain region, east of modern Turkey, between the Black and Caspian Seas. Both the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties. It established a church that today exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches, having become so in 451 after having rejected the Council of Chalcedon. [83], The Persians were severely dissatisfied with the outcome of the war which led to the ceding of so much Persian territory to the Russians. [113] In early 1998, Kocharyan rejected the 1997 OSCE Minsk Group peace plan and initiated a new phase of Nagorno-Karabakh negotiations, where Heydar Aliyev and Kocharyan negotiated secret from their publics and senior officials. Armenia became the first country to establish Christianity as its state religion when, in an event traditionally dated to 301, Gregory the Illuminator convinced Tiridates III, the king of Armenia, to convert to Christianity. Before this, the dominant religion in Armenia was Zoroastrianism (promoted by the Parthian/Sassanid Empire) and to a smaller degree local Paganism. The conquest was completed by the Emperor Heraclius, himself ethnically Armenian,[63][64][65] in 629. He was also unpopular with one party in particular, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, which he banned and jailed on the grounds that the party had a foreign-based leadershipsomething which was forbidden according to the Armenian Constitution. If you do not find what you're looking for, you can use more accurate words. -. The actual transfer of power took place on 2 December 1920 in Yerevan. His successor, Hadrian, reinstalled the Arsacid Dynasty when he nominated Parthamaspates as "vassal" king of Armenia in 118 AD. # Ajaia Roman province # Roman province of Mesopotamia # Edessa Roman province # Lafratip Roman province # Assyrian Roman province # Roman province of Judea # Sychelaa Roman Province # Roman province of Asia # Syria Roman province # Roman province of Pannonia provinces . Martiros Kavoukjian, "The Genesis of Armenian People", Montreal, 1982. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915. This too was organized as a province in early 116, when coins were minted to celebrate the fact. The capital of Aragatsotn is Ashtarak. Of the original temple, only eleven columns with capitals and the cella wall are still visible today. [1] The larger or most heavily garrisoned provinces (for example Syria and Moesia) were subdivided into smaller provinces to prevent one governor from holding too much power. The national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples and the immediate involvement of the European powers in the Eastern question had a powerful effect on the development of the national liberation ideology movement among the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire. According to other accounts he was crucified upside down (head downward) like St. Peter. Arsacid dynasty Norovank, a 13th-century Armenian monastery, Source This dynasty was a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia and it was founded by Tiridates I. From that point on the Hellenization of Armenia that had begun centuries before continued to flourish and the nation was tied ever closer to Rome. Its harsh environment also provided excellent natural resources such as grapes, tobacco and native fruits. [46] The Parthians forced Armenia into submission from 37 to 47, when the Romans retook control of the kingdom. The page on Roman taxes has been updated. [89], The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 had further stipulated the rights of the Russian Tsar to resettle Persian Armenians within the newly conquered Caucasus region, which had been taken over from Iran. However, by this point, while Rome was all powerful in the west, Parthia had emerged as a substantial rival in the east. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phasesthe wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert. Vol. [1] Emperor Theodosius I divided the region into two provinces: First Armenia (Hayk'), with its capital at Sebasteia (modern Sivas); and Second Armenia, with its capital at Melitene. United Nations of Roma Victrix (UNRV) represents the all encompassing power of Rome in the ancient world. Protesters continue to demand an investigation into the 2008 violence, the release of political prisoners, an improvement in socioeconomic conditions, and the institution of democratic reforms. [9], In 301, Arsacid Armenia was the first sovereign nation to accept Christianity as a state religion. [146] On 3 March 2022, Vahagn Khachaturyan was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote. Some 300,000 people were duly herded to the banks of the Araxes River. His successor Hadrian gave up the conquests. . The Roman provinces ( Latin: provincia, pl. [38], During the reign of Sarduri I (834828 BC), Urartu had become a strong and organized state, and imposed taxes on neighbouring tribes. [70], Although the native Bagratuni dynasty was founded under favourable circumstances, the feudal system gradually weakened the country by eroding loyalty to the central government. On 20 February 1988, interethnic fighting between the ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijanis broke out shortly after the parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous oblast in Azerbaijan, voted to unify the region with Armenia. From Antioch the emperor (Trajan) marched to the Euphrates and farther northward as far as the most northerly legion-camp Satala in Lesser Armenia, whence he advanced into Armenia and took the direction of Artaxata Trajan was resolved to make this vassal-state a province, and a shift to eastern frontier of the (Roman) empire generally Armenia yielded to its fate and became a Roman governorship Trajan thereupon advanced and occupied Mesopotamiaand, like Armenia, Mesopotamia became a Roman province. Meanwhile, both the Ittihad (Unionist) and the Nationalists moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks. The invasions of Ardahir I of the Sassanid Persians in the 3rd century AD brought great religious strife to native Christians but also created a true sense of nationalism. No doubt the Armenians aided in some of the other crusades. 118: Preceded by: Succeeded by: Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) This Legion is mentioned in the late-antique text known as Notitia Dignitatum. Armenia, under its Arshakuni dynasty, which was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was often a focus of contention between Rome and Parthia. [citation needed] In January 1998, Ter-Petrosyan's ministers forced Ter-Petrosyan to resign. Roman emperor Trajan even created a short-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 118 AD.[44]. Armen Petrosyan. [13][14][15], Stone tools from 325,000 years ago have been found in Armenia which indicate the presence of early humans at this time. It seems that the Armenians were pleased with Baldwin's rule and with the crusaders in general, and some number of them fought alongside the crusaders. Roman Armenia refers to the rule of parts of Greater Armenia by the Roman Empire, from the 1st century AD to the end of Late Antiquity. In 163, a Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus defeated the Parthians in Armenia and reinstalled Sohaemus as the Romans' favored candidate on the Armenian throne. Roman territory extended to ca. [33] Armenia is possibly connected to Mannaea, which may be identical to the region of Minni mentioned in The Bible. He left more than 90 inscriptions by using the Mesopotamian cuneiform writing system in the Urartian language. In March 2018, Armenian parliament elected Armen Sarkissian as the new President of Armenia. Anazarbus (Ancient Greek: , medieval Ain Zarba; modern Anavarza; Arabic: ) was an ancient Cilician city. He continued to act as interim prime minister in the leadup to the election. In March 2018, Sargsyan was re-elected Prime Minister, despite opposition protests. Though Armenia was soon split in half between Rome (Byzantine) and Persia, it also maintained its own small dynastic independent kingdom. The war eventually ended in 1813 with a Russian victory after their successful storming of Lankaran in early 1813. [61] Persian Armenia remained in Sassanid hands up to the Muslim conquest of Persia, when the invading Muslim forces annexed the Sassanid realm.[62]. Though Armenia was effectively independent for some time, setting up a local dynasty under the Artashesids in 189 BC, conflict with the eastward moving Romans was inevitable. This was preceded by a wave of massacres in the years 1894 to 1896, and another one in 1909 in Adana. (In Italian), "Note sull'anzianit di servizio nel lessico della legislazione imperiale romana", https://web.archive.org/web/20060409205643/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/, Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy), List of administrative divisions by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&oldid=1113636617, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Scarre, Chris (1995). teacher and healer who proclaimed the imminent kingdom of God and was crucified c. AD 30-33 in Jerusalem in the Roman province of Judea. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 have resulted in the discovery of the world's earliest known leather shoe (3,500 BC), straw skirt (3,900 BC), and wine-making facility (4,000 BC) at the Areni-1 cave complex. In return, they received their royal insignia, including red shoes, from the emperor. Over the next several centuries, Armenia was faced with constant political struggles from those same Persians and Byzantines and under additional threats from Arabs, Huns and Khazars. Protests were held in Armenia over this and hundreds stormed the Parliament building in Yerevan. (see 2016 ArmenianAzerbaijani clashes). Provincial villages gradually became towns and towns gradually became cities. [121][122], Ter-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in the 2008 presidential election in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007. The earliest form of the word "Hayastan", an endonym for Armenia, might possibly be Hayasa-Azzi, a kingdom in the Armenian Highlands that was recorded in Hittite records dating from 1500 to 1200 BC. The Shah pursued a careful strategy, advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded, determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces. The number and borders of the provinces under Roman rule changed nearly constantly as conditions altered in the various locations. Indeed, Gregory the Illuminator became the organizer of the Armenian Church hierarchy. In 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion,[50] amidst the long-lasting geo-political rivalry over the region. Within another generation, the campaigns of Lucius Licinius Lucullus nearly brought both nations into the Roman fold. [127], On the early morning of 1 March, reportedly acting on evidence of firearms in the camp, the authorities moved in to inspect the tents set up by demonstrators. [76] The Armenian authorities was often in touch with the crusaders. Throughout most of its history during this period, under the reign of the Arsacid Dynasty, the Armenian nobility was divided among Roman-loyalists, Parthian-loyalists, and neutrals. In 114, he conquered Armenia, which was made into a province, and by the end of 115, he had conquered northern Mesopotamia. The Medes under Cyaxares invaded Assyria later on in 612 BC, and then took over the Urartian capital of Van towards 585 BC, effectively ending the sovereignty of Urartu. [1] Some scholars use the reorganization of the empire into themata in this period as one of the demarcations between the Dominate and the Byzantine (or the Later Roman) period. Thus internally enfeebled, Armenia proved an easy victim for the Byzantines, who captured Ani in 1045. [20] The provinces in turn were grouped into (originally twelve) dioceses, headed usually by a vicarius, who oversaw their affairs. Even though Russian Armenians benefited from the advanced Russian culture, and greater access to European thought, and broader economic initiative, they were denied equal educational and administrative opportunities like many other racial and religious minorities. Later on, with the conflict in Karabakh, the demonstrations obtained a more nationalistic flavour. Another campaign was led by Emperor Lucius Verus in 162165, after Vologases IV of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne. So far I have toured with 1000+ guests and also 35.000+ visitors came to read my articles about Turkish tourism on toursaroundturkey.com since 2008. "[31] The Arme tribe of Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with their allies the Mushki and the Kaskians. .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. The Third Crusade and other events elsewhere left Cilicia as the sole substantial Christian presence in the Middle East. Roman emperor Trajan created even a short-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 117 AD. Trajan then deposed the Armenian king Parthamasiris (imposed by the Parthians) and ordered the annexation of Armenia to the Roman Empire as a new province. The Armenians later fell under Byzantine, Sassanid Persian, and Islamic hegemony, but reinstated their independence with the Bagratid Dynasty kingdom of Armenia. The Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936 and as a result Armenia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Roman Empire Wall Map$59.99 incl. [1], The major imperial provinces were under a legatus Augusti pro praetore, also a senator of consular or praetorian rank. From that time, the heads of the Armenian Church have been called Catholicos and still hold the same title. The territory came under Roman rule in 133 BCE, when the last ruler of the Kingdom of Pergamon, Attalus III, bequeathed it to the Roman Republic in his will. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991 and re-elected on 22 September 1996. While the Armenians of Constantinople benefited from the Sultan's support and grew to be a prospering community, the same could not be said about the ones inhabiting historic Armenia. [55], In 40506, Armenia's political future seemed uncertain. In 1922, the newly proclaimed Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, under the leadership of Alexander Miasnikyan, became part of the Soviet Union as one of three republics comprising the Transcaucasian SFSR. [112], Weeks later, several opposition leaders in the Armenian Parliament and the Prime Minister of Armenia were killed by gunmen in an episode known as the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting. [41], At its zenith, from 95 to 66 BC, Greater Armenia extended its rule over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern and central Turkey, north-western Iran, Israel, Syria and Lebanon, forming the second Armenian empire. Establishment of the Roman Republic headed by two magistrates (later called consuls) elected annually. Mehmed and his successors used the religious systems of their subject nationalities as a method of population control, and so Ottoman Sultans invited an Armenian archbishop to establish the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. [1] Their governors were hierarchically ranked, from the proconsuls of Africa Proconsularis and Asia through those governed by consulares and correctores to the praesides. For ancient episcopal sees in the Roman provinces of Armenia I and Armenia II, see Lesser Armenia#Episcopal sees. Law enforcement agents then violently dispersed the hundreds of protestors camped in. [1], Although the Caesars were soon eliminated from the picture, the four administrative resorts were restored in 318 by Emperor ConstantineI, in the form of praetorian prefectures, whose holders generally rotated frequently, as in the usual magistracies but without a colleague. 241 BCE. [clarification needed][56] By doing so, he ushered in a new Golden Age and strengthened Armenian national identity. Under the late Roman Empire, it was the capital of Cilicia Secunda. [13][14], As President, Kocharyan continued to negotiate a peaceful resolution with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh.
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