Heres what we reveal when we speak, whether we mean to or not. The models for TTCT-Figural originality (for which two outlying cases were removed: std. I enrolled him in piano and guitar lessons straight away. Validity of pilot adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) to rate adult ADHD symptoms. However big an upside to ADHD Whites new study reveals, theres an important caveat to keep in mind. These findings suggest that college students with ADHD and related characteristics may struggle academically, while their potential strengths remain overlooked in traditional academic programs. 2022 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Divergent thinkers are often independent, curious and risk-takers. Adler L. A., Spencer T., Faraone S. V., Kessler R. C., Howes M. J., Biederman J., et al. However, after controlling for academic achievement, there was no positive effect of ADHD symptoms on creative achievement. In part because ADHDs hallmark characteristics include a lack of constraint, intellectually as well as behaviorally, studies have consistently found that people with ADHD often excel at divergent thinking but struggle with convergent thinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44: 2350-2360, Mosheva M et al. Hypotheses were tested using a series of multiple regression models ( = 0.05), with data for outliers (std. It is often used in conjunction with its cognitive opposite, convergent. Divergent thinking involves the ability to find many different and new responses or solutions to open-ended problems. Received 2022 May 5; Accepted 2022 Jul 4. Divergent thinking is a style of thinking that generates a range of alternative solutions or ideas to a problem that has multiple answers. Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Divergent thinking is an ideation mode which designers use to widen their design space as they begin to search for potential solutions. The riddles subtest contains 39 items and asks participants to verbally respond with the correct word to a riddle read by an administrator. . (2019). On the topic of divergent thinking he states: Divergent thinking isnt the same thing as creativity. The current study was conducted to better understand the relationship between ADHD characteristics, executive functioning difficulties, divergent thinking, and academic outcomes by conceptually replicating and expanding on a previous study. This material is based upon the work supported by the Division of Engineering Education and Centers of National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. Further, academic outcomes have been found to be poorer for students with ADHD who also exhibit poorer executive functioning, assessed using a series of cognitive tasks, compared to students with ADHD who scored higher on the tasks (Biederman et al., 2006). (2017) found that college students self-reported experience of characteristics of ADHD positively predicted originality on a problem construction task, which asked participants to redefine an everyday problem at different levels of usefulness and originality. In a 2009 study by Martha Farah, Adderall was shown improve convergent thinking but not divergent thinking in healthy individuals. Some forms of neurodivergent are almost certainly genetic, at least in part. Participants completed the study in a private office across four 30-to-60-min sessions on different days. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is characterized by a behavioral pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that is often identified in childhood and leads to disruptions in the classroom as well as difficulty with schoolwork, which can continue to impact functioning later in life (american psychiatric association 2013 Paek SH, Abdulla AM, Cramond B. For example, Knouse et al. "Understand how the ADHD brain is wired. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2020; 33: 577-585. It refers to the concept that certain developmental. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. He would get taken back to his class but then the poor behaviour escalated. Big Picture vs. The site is secure. There were no appreciable differences in the values between the contrasting correlations, and conclusions based on the results remained the same. Is My Teenage Son Hyperactive or Is This Normal? They generate as many new ideas as they can using various methods (e.g., oxymorons) to explore possibilities, and then use convergent thinking to analyze these to isolate useful ideas. Additionally, many of the studies were performed in an artificial setting, which may alter the perception of the results collected under these conditions regarding performance on creativity tasks. (2006). Conclusions ADHD characteristics negatively predict academic performance (i.e., GPA) in engineering programs but are more predictive of divergent thinking ability than traditional markers of academic performance. A previous meta-analysis that investigated psychopathology and creativity showed a possible negative association between ADHD and creativity (Paek et al, 2016). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Divergent. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive functioning, divergent thinking, academic performance, GPA. The role of creative thinking in resilience after Hurricane Katrina. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal However, many of the studies did not meet current standards for genetic testing in terms of replication, sample size and correction for multiple testing. Thus, for example, it asks the extent to which subjects "enjoy taking the necessary steps to put my ideas into actions.". High IQ May Mask the diagnosis of ADHD by compensating for deficits in executive functions in treatment-nave adults with ADHD. There were 14 different instruments used to measure creativity and not all of them measured the same constructs. What is Divergent Thinking? Her ADHD subjects were particularly masterful when the talent in question involved a lack of inhibition. The pencil could not be lifted from the page and since its inception in early 1970 many people have tried and failed as they did not think outside the box. It is the type of thinking we do . Because adults with ADHD have decits in inhibition (e.g., Nigg, 2000; White & Marks, 2004), these individuals were expected to be more creative than non-ADHD on tasks of divergent thinking, but less creative than . residual = 3.03 and 4.38) and elaboration were statistically significant for B-DEFS components (step 1), as well as after adding verbal and non-verbal IQ (step 2). First, adults with ADHD who have a high intelligence quotient (IQ) may not demonstrate impairments on laboratory tests of executive functioning (Biederman et al., 2008; Milioni et al., 2017). Scheduling this time into your day will also help prevent distraction and procrastination. Divergent thinking refers to 'thinking outside the box' and coming up with creative solutions while convergent thinking refers to coming up with the correct answers. Inclusion criteria included: a design that was empirical or quantitative; a behavioural performance measure that involved a creative process or achievement; reported on human subjects; included subjects with an ADHD diagnosis based on assessments made by a professional or including subjects with information about ADHD symptoms using a questionnaire or interview Rabin L. A., Fogel J., Nutter-Upham K. E. (2011). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). National Library of Medicine Therefore, the purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between ADHD characteristics and executive functioning difficulties, divergent thinking, and academic performance by conceptually replicating and expanding on a recent study (Taylor et al., 2020b) that found that ADHD characteristics negatively predicted major grade point average (GPA) and positively predicted figural divergent thinking in engineering students. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board at the University of Connecticut. In a study by White and Shah (2006), people with ADHD were found to score higher than those without ADHD in a measure of divergent thinking (ie. Boot et al. Brainstorming: An individual or group writes down as many ideas (no matter how crazy they seem) as possible . Samson G. E., Graue M. E., Weinstein T., Herbert J. This ability is supported by four processes: (1) fluency, quickly generating ideas, (2) flexibility, generating diverse ideas, (3) originality, generating unique ideas, and (4) elaboration, developing ideas. Pers Individ Dif 2006; 40: 1121-1131. What should university admissions tests predict? White notes that she found no significant differences between those students with ADHD who were on medication and those who were not. Silverstein M. J., Faraone S. V., Leon T. L., Biederman J., Spencer T. J., Adler L. A. Expanding the boundaries is a . Interestingly, White said she also noticed a distinctive pattern, one not included in the study: ADHD subjects were more likely to excel at certain creative domains than at others. The dictionary defines it as 'tending to be different or develop in different directions'. There were numerous limitations of this study, which included the scarcity of evidence pertaining to the possible link between ADHD and creativity. But ADHD may also bring with it an advantage: the ability to think more creatively. It should be noted that this study did not take into account the effect of medication on creativity. (2005). Null effects of methylphenidate on creativity were also noted in the four studies that included adults without ADHD. Reviewed by Jessica Schrader. According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 4-6% of American adults live with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) . Frustrated Women and Hopeful Men: Is There a Connection? However, whereas B-DEFS time was a positive predictor, and B-DEFS motivation a negative predictor, in the final model for TTCT-Figural originality scores, verbal IQ was the only significant predictor in the final model for TTCT-Elaboration scores. Third, verbal and figural divergent thinking may relate to different dimensions of ADHD characteristics and executive functioning difficulties in distinct ways. Taylor C. L., Zaghi A. E., Kaufman J. C., Reis S. M., Renzulli J. S. (2020b). The disability is increased by leaps and bounds. The largest limitation was that the statistical power of the majority of the studies was low. This may explain why increased divergent thinking is not consistently observed in ADHD. The subset of folks who have ADHD who are there have been able already to exceed a bunch of hurdles.. Its hard to know where this operateslike someone coming up with an idea and saying, No, thats not a good idea, and not even writing it down, versus, they dont even think about it because theyre inhibiting it. Thus, caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions based on the results of these models. And if something feels like a constant burden, consider how you might do less of it on a daily basis. At the age of 18 he is now at college and uses a range of instruments and sounds to create unusual compositions which impressed his tutor during his interview.. The scale was developed by the World Health Organization and has been shown to correspond strongly with a clinician-administered assessment of ADHD characteristics (Adler et al., 2006). Whereas, a separate study reported a positive association between self-reported creative achievements in daily life and self-reported ADHD symptoms. Results: Verbal SAT scores were the only . Although TTCT-Figural scores were not a significant predictor of engineering GPA in Taylor et al. All rights reserved. Antshel K. M., Hier B. O., Barkley R. A. Taylor et al. See if there might be opportunities to problem-solve or brainstorm. Veenstra C. P., Dey E. L., Herrin G. D. (2009). (2014). Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS): validation in a large multisite college sample. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The models for TTCT-Verbal fluency, originality, and flexibility (after removing one outlying case: std. Although it does not equal creativity, divergent thinking is often used as an indicator of an individual's creativity 1 . Additionally, in contrast to the results of Taylor et al. residual = 4.32), titles, and resistance to closure were not statistically significant for ASRS components (step 1) or after adding verbal and non-verbal IQ (step 2). Bivariate correlations among the variables (Table 2) were calculated excluding data for two outliers on the B-DEFS total scale and one outlier each on verbal IQ, non-verbal IQ, B-DEFS time, B-DEFS organization, B-DEFS self-restraint, B-DEFS motivation, B-DEFS emotional regulation, and TTCT-Figural originality. People with ADHD tend to be effective in producing new ideas while people without ADHD are better able to clarify and expand on ideas. Our hypotheses that controlling for IQ would strengthen the relationship between divergent thinking and executive functioning difficulties (Hypothesis 3) or ADHD characteristics measured by the ASRS (Hypothesis 4) were not supported. We would like to thank Connie Syharat for her significant contribution to data collection. Judy Singer, a sociologist who has autism, started using the term "neurodiversity" in the late 1990s. Our results align with those of Boot et al. The purpose of this study was 2-fold. Advantages of using divergent thinking Having good relationships, being well-rested, and being free of pressure, anxiety, and stress puts . To determine whether the discrepancy in these results is due to the use of different self-reported executive functioning scales, future studies could administer the Brown ADD scales along with the B-DEFS. Executive functions and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: implications of two conflicting views. Although convergent thinking, narrowing down ideas and solutions by discarding inappropriate or less desirable ones, also plays a role, divergent thinking ability is critical for solving novel problems (Guilford, 1987).
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