Grabar, as the language of the first translation was known, became the standard for all subsequent literature, and its use produced what has come to be considered the golden age of Armenian literature. Secular material, too, was translated, including many works by Aristotle and Neoplatonists such as Prophyry, Probus, and Diodorus. According to Greek mythic tradition, Armenia was named after Armenus, one of Jason's Argonauts. 2006 - 2022 All rights are protected by the legislation RF on the basis of the state registration of the trade mark of 375928 . /P P B/ in Eastern Armenian dialects generally correspond to /P B P/ in Western dialects (more detailed table given below). The earliest . By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened the path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. (ed.) It also includes a number of flat woven textiles. More than a million books are available now via BitTorrent. With 600 students, the UFAR is the largest French university in a non-French speaking country. 1998. [17], Although Armenian Greeks are mostly multilingual (speaking Greek, Armenian and Russian), the 1,176 strong Greek community has kept the Pontic Greek dialect as their native language. [55] A notable example is arciv, meaning "eagle," believed to have been the origin of Urartian Aribi and Northeast Caucasian arzu. Learning an ancient language gives you insight into the history, stories, and cultures of people who lived in the Middle East thousands of years ago. The seven dialect types have the following correspondences, illustrated with the td series:[105]. In addition to those who speak Russian as a first language, 1,591,246 people or 52.7% of Armenia's citizens speak Russian as a second language[17], Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is spoken by the 3,000-strong Assyrian minority of Armenian. 1. Armenian has its own, unique script, and a vast repository of texts in Classical, Middle and Modern Armenian for students of Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern and Contemporary eras. As of today, Russian is still, by far, the best known foreign language among the Armenian population. [17], According to the 2011 Armenian Census there are 1,176 Ukrainians in Armenia. Forms of the Karin dialect of Western Armenian are spoken by several hundred thousand people in Northern Armenia, mostly in Gyumri, Artik, Akhuryan, and around 130 villages in Shirak Province,[111] and by Armenians in SamtskheJavakheti province of Georgia (Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe).[112]. The Armenian alphabet. [15], According to the 2011 Armenian Census, there were 11,862 Russians in Armenia, 10,472 of them speak Russian as a first language, the other 1,390 Russians speak other languages as their first language (1,328 Russians speak Armenian as a first language). A modern Albanian speaker probably wouldn't understand medieval Albanian, let alone Illyrian (which is the probable ancestor of Albanian). A small group of speakers live in north-western Iran, and some communities dot the countryside of eastern Turkey. Armenia's constitution does not specify the linguistic standard. According to a 2012 poll, 40% of Armenians have basic knowledge of English with only 4% having advanced proficiency of English, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner level. He is also credited by some with the creation of the Georgian alphabet and the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. Egyptian. Ancient Armenian. After World War I, the existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. [80], The number of Armenian-speakers by country according to official government sources, including censuses and estimates: Presumably the Bible was the first text to be translated, followed by a number of other Greek and Syriac texts. There was even an Armenian translation of the grammatical treatise of Dionysius Thrax. Web Accessibility Policy There are two major standardized versions of Armenian: Western Armenian, Armenia [43] Contact with Greek, Persian, and Syriac also resulted in a number of loanwords. entrance portal to the ancient armenian Saint Gevorg Church with a wooden carved door. Its vocabulary has historically been influenced by Western Middle Iranian languages, particularly Parthian;[42] its derivational morphology and syntax were also affected by language contact with Parthian, but to a lesser extent. Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-3rd millennium BC. The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. All these factors brought forth changes of the language functioning structure in real time conditions. It follows Prehistoric Armenia and covers a period of approximately one thousand years, beginning at the end of the Iron Age with the events that led to the dissolution of the Kingdom of Urartu, and the emergence of the first geopolitical entity called Armenia in the 6th century BC. [13], Since 1991 the situation changed radically, in concern of studying it at secondary and high school as a general subject. Sahak sponsored Saint Mesrop (c. 362-440), an Armenian linguist, who invented the Armenian alphabet (c. 405). Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". Speakers of Armenian appear to have replaced an earlier population of Urartian speakers (see Ch. Some glottalist linguists claim that the Old Armenian system had not undergone any important changes from the Proto-Indo-European system, which they interpret in a manner quite different from the traditional view. The classical form borrowed numerous words from Middle Iranian languages, primarily Parthian,[69] and contains smaller inventories of loanwords from Greek,[69] Syriac,[69] Aramaic,[70] Arabic,[71] Mongol,[72] Persian,[73] and indigenous languages such as Urartian. Two more letters, () and (f), were added in the Middle Ages. Classical Armenian (Arm: grabar), attested from the 5th century to the 19th century as the literary standard (up to the 11th century also as a spoken language with different varieties), was partially superseded by Middle Armenian, attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. Answer (1 of 3): The Armenian language has been spoken for so long in eastern Anatolia and the south Caucasus, more than 25 centuries, that it is easy to think it has always been there. . The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Although they share almost the same vocabulary, the important divergences in pronunciation and the grammatical differences between the two varieties are so significant that they may be considered two different languages. Armenian is one of the oldest languages in the world. It is an Arabic instrument but with some changes, Armenians used it as well. Our Links page includes pointers to Armenian resources elsewhere. That started the process of translating literature from other languages into Armenian. ", "New Polish legislation regarding national, ethnic and linguistic minorities", "The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland", "MULTILINGVISM I LIMBI MINORITARE N ROMNIA [MULTILINGUALISM AND MINORITY LANGUAGES IN ROMANIA]", Institute of Linguistics "Iorgu Iordan Alexandru Rosetti", "Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version Revision from 01.02.2014)", "Javakhk Armenians Looks Ahead to Local Elections", "Challenges and problems of the Armenian community of Georgia", "Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention. [11], Rapid Russification started during the Soviet period, particularly after Stalin's coming to power in the mid-1930s, when Russian became lingua franca of the Soviet Union. Western Armenian is used by Armenians living in Turkey and some Arab countries as well as in emigrant communities in Europe and the United States. Though Russian is the working language of the Union according to the Treaty on Eurasian Economic Union, Armenian and the languages of other member states are officially recognized. Hrach Martirosyan. Currently it has its own unique branch in the language family. That started the process of translating literature from other languages into Armenian. In the northeast the Kur River separates the highland region from lowlands which sweep to the Caspian Sea. Armenian (classical: , reformed: , hayeren, [hjn]) is an Indo-European language belonging to an independent branch of which it is the only member. But by far the greatest number of borrowings come from Iranian. [17], The 2001 census revealed 29,563 people with Russian as their native language, from which 12,905 were ethnic Russians. It lies roughly southeast of the Black Sea and southwest of the Caspian Sea. They are also Eastern. [4] A 2012 opinion poll showed that 94% of Armenians have basic knowledge of Russian, with 24% having advanced knowledge, 59% intermediate knowledge and 11% having beginner level knowledge. The term Armenian carpet designates, but is not limited to, tufted rugs or knotted carpets woven in Armenia or by Armenians from pre-Christian times to the present. The main difference between the Eastern and Western variants is that the first one is the official language of the country since the twenties of the last century. The actual nature of Phrygian influence, however, is open to much debate because of the language's scanty attestation. A variation of that early designation, Armenian, is the name by which the people who call themselves Hay are known worldwide. Work songs Siamanto Series - Lecture 7: Ancient History of the Armenian Language Language: Eng, Language: "Calouste: A Life, Not an Exhibition" - Virtual Tour of the Exhibition at Calouste Gulbenkian Museum . The majority (about 3.4 million) of these live in Armenia, and most of the remainder live in Georgia and Russia. It was nearly a thousand years, however, before the Armenians themselves began to put their language to writing, when in 406 or 407 A.D. a priest Matoc (also known as Mesrop) developed an Armenian alphabet. The study of a language to determine its origins and evolution deals primarily with its oral characteristics, and most contemporary linguists work under the belief that spoken language is more fundamental, and thus more important to study than written language.Thus, Armenian is considered to be mainly an offshoot of the Indo-Hittite group of . Scholars generally believe Greek, Iranian, and Phrygian to have had the most linguistic influence on Armenian. Hrach Martirosyan (2013). "This fascicle of An Etymological Dictionary of the Indo-European Components of Armenian contains those words which begin with the letter a-, and represents about one eighth of the total Armenian vocabulary of Indo-European . It became the language of secular works (poetry, books on medicine and agriculture). Old Armenian and modern fricatives are v /v/ (perhaps a positional variant of w), s /s/ (originating partly from Proto-Indo-European palatal k, as in other satem languages), /sh/, z /z/, /zh/, x // (=kh, uvular), and h /h/. Suffice it to say, the true origin of the Armenian peoples will remain shrouded in obscurity for some time to come. Armenian is written in an alphabet, well suited to its phonology, invented by Meshrop Mashtots in 404-407 CE. By the 1980s over 90% of Armenia's administrative paperwork was conducted in Russian. "Speakers of Armenian appear to have replaced an earlier population of Urartian speakers (see Ch. [9], The American University of Armenia, an affiliate of the University of California, was established in 1991 and offers instruction leading to a master's degree in eight fields of study and teaching English as a foreign language. Gradually, the interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. [8] Russian language television stations (four as of 2003)[9] and newspapers are widely available in Armenia. Armenian (classical: , reformed: , hayeren, [hjn]) is an Indo-European language belonging to an independent branch of which it is the only member. Armenia was expressed in only one language country by the second century BC. The kingdom of Urartu (ca. However, due to extensive loaning, only around 1,500 words (G. Jahukyan) are known to have been inherited from Indo-European by the Classical Armenian stage; the rest were lost, a fact that presents a major challenge to endeavors to better understand Proto-Armenian and its place within the family, especially as many of the sound changes along the way from Indo-European to Armenian remain quite difficult to analyze. Inanimate nouns take the nominative, while animate nouns take the dative. 33,509 of Armenia's citizens speak Kurdish as a first language (31,479 reported Yazidi while 2,030 reported Kurdish). In the initial position, Eastern Armenian has voiced or, in some dialects, voiced aspirated consonants corresponding to Old Armenian b, d, g, j, and ; intensive voiceless slightly glottalized plosives in place of Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and ; and voiceless slightly aspirated plosives in place of Old Armenian p, t, k, c, and . Between these two time periods one further distinguishes two stages of the Armenian language: post-Classical, spanning the sixth and seventh centuries, and Pre-Middle Armenian, from the eighth to twelfth centuries. For more information about this format, please see the Archive Torrents collection. Category: Languages and linguistics Ancient Armenian language; Revue Bazmavep. The ancient Armenian calendar had names for everything - hours, days, and months. Armenian belongs to the satem (satm) group of Indo-European languages; this group includes those languages in which the palatal stops became palatal or alveolar fricatives, such as Slavic (with Baltic) and Indo-Iranian. The Armenian language is justly considered unique. 1983. The Armenian plateau itself is divided by several smaller mountain ranges that furnish the sources for a number of unnavigable rivers. 53-428 A.D.). Very briefly, Classical Armenian is for students . was the first kingdom we know to have been centered in the region of what is now greater Armenia. Armenia is an ethnically homogeneous country, in which Armenian is the official language and is spoken as a first language by the majority of its population. ARMENIAN LANGUAGE. In the early 20th century, it was estimated that only 3-4% of Armenians could read or speak Russian. About 50 dialects were known before 1915, when the Armenian population of Turkey was drastically reduced by means of massacre and forced exodus; some of these dialects were mutually unintelligible. French words were borrowed during the Crusades. ", Clackson, James P. T. 2008. The Armenian language forms an independent branch of the Indo . The first sentence written in Old Armenian by Mesrop Mashtotswas " , " which means "to recognize wisdom and guidance, to know the words of the genius". According to the 2001 census 40,620 people identified themselves as Yazidis and 1,519 as Kurds. The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian. Armenian is the official language. Kurmanji is the largest minority language of Armenia spoken by the Yazidi minority. Other minority languages recognized by the Armenian government are Assyrian, Greek, and Russian. [18] In contrast to the last decades, the number of Armenian schools teaching English have grown gradually. The language is spoken by approximately four million people still living within the borders of the republic. Ancient Armenian. The occlusives and affricates have an aspirated series, commonly transcribed with a reversed apostrophe after the letter. Armenian is the official language of what in recent memory was the smallest republic of the former Soviet Union, now the southernmost republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Lord Byron (1788-1824) visited the Armenian Monastery of St. Lazarus in Venice in 1816, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the abbots belonging to the Mechitarist Order. Arm. Eric P. Hamp (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis and even anticipates a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Yerevan, 1981, p. 33). This time Eastern Armenia was conquered from Qajar Iran by the Russian Empire, while Western Armenia, containing two thirds of historical Armenia, remained under Ottoman control. "Neither its geographical origin can be conclusively determined, nor the area where Urartian was spoken by a majority of the population. With its 38 letters, the . Participate today. Nevertheless, a fluent speaker of one of two greatly varying dialects who is also literate in one of the standards, when exposed to the other dialect for a period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease. The language is spoken by approximately four million people still living within the borders of the republic. And for the long time of the oppression of the Ottoman Empire a part of Turkish words penetrated into the Armenian vocabulary. Spoken by more than 7 million people on the planet, including 3 million in Armenia, this Indo-European language is the only one of its kind. yad-). Armenian belongs to the satem group, classified as an independent branch within the family of Indo-European languages. [23], According to the 2011 Armenian Census there are 900 Greeks in Armenia. [115], This table lists some of the more recognizable cognates that Armenian shares with English words descended from Old English. Old Armenian had seven vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, // (from *ey; an asterisk indicates a reconstructed rather than an attested form), //, /i/, /o/, and /u/ (written o+w). With its 38 letters, the .
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