If it now seems irresponsible to laud any kind of violence as avant-garde, Hardings perspective dovetails with much of the American far-lefts strategy from the early 1970s. She started writing hateful letters to Warhol: I really do believe that if you didnt have your lies + deception + notarized affidavits, youd shrivel up + die. . Robert J. Levin, Andy Warhol Undressing for Facial, 1981. "[43], Fahs records that Solanas then traveled to producer Margo Feiden's (then Margo Eden) residence in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as she believed that Feiden would be willing to produce Up Your Ass. Breanne Fahs . She left but rode the elevator up and down until Warhol finally boarded it. From $1.68. [42] She then shot art critic Mario Amaya in the hip. High-profile feminists scrambled to distance themselves from her name. "He was so sensitized you couldn't put your hand on him without him jumping. "[38] In exchange, Girodias paid her $500. Publisher Description. [41], According to an unquoted source in The Outlaw Bible of American Literature, on June 3, 1968, at 9:00a.m., Solanas reportedly arrived at the Hotel Chelsea and asked for Girodias at the desk, only to be told he was gone for the weekend. The waiting room filled with veteran Factory members, dressed in their avant-finest, who vied for the swarming reporters. Solanas grabbed his ass, then tried to hit him with a chair. [1][2][3][4] Her father was a bartender and her mother a dental assistant. Image by Marc Wathieu via Flickr. [56], In January 1969, Solanas underwent psychiatric evaluation and was diagnosed with chronic paranoid schizophrenia. And then the elevator doors opened, and Solanas was gone. "[70], After Solanas was released from the New York State Prison for Women in 1971,[71] she stalked Warhol and others over the telephone and was arrested again in November 1971. Born: Valerie Jean Solanas April 9, 1936) April 9, 1936 Valerie Solanas, better known by her family name Valerie Jean Solanas, was a popular American radical feminist and author. Alison Barker reviews Ariel Gores complicated memoir about her role as her mothers caretaker. Leslie Jamison gets high marks for The Empathy Exams. PODCAST #56: Helen Wan, "The Partner Track". Her death, from pneumonia, came 14 months after Warhol's. As related to Fahs, Solanas talked to Feiden for almost four hours, trying to convince her to produce the play and discussing her vision for a world without men. If Warhol could be superficial, exploitative, and cheap (he didnt properly pay his film stars and was known to be a bad tipper), he didnt deserve to be shot. Ex-lovers of the artist wept in the lobby. "The Times does not present Ms. Fieden's account as definitive. [but] consider[s] this just one angle of the story". She played herself, rejecting a male characters sexual advances with witty barbs. An abbreviated versionof this review appears in B. "[98], Feminist philosopher Avital Ronell compared Solanas to an array of people: Lorena Bobbitt; a "girl Nietzsche"; Medusa; the Unabomber; and Medea. Valerie Jean Solanas (April 9, 1936 - April 25, 1988) was an American radical feminist and author best known for writing the SCUM Manifesto and attempting to murder artist Andy Warhol in the late 1960s. She spent her early years physically and mentally abused by her parents and later her grandfather. Subscribe today and save up to 29%! T-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more, designed and sold by independent artists around the world. Its unclear who this helpedclaiming Solanas as their own, radical feminists associated themselves with a violent, unhinged criminal. On June 3, 1968, Solanas went to The Factory, shot Warhol and art critic Mario Amaya, and attempted to shoot Warhol's manager, Fred Hughes. The strange tale of Valerie Solanas reads as both tragedy and farce. Solanas, for all her vicious ideology, understood that it was sometimes necessary to play the game, and Warhol was a master player. "[12][82] Her mother burned all her belongings posthumously. In a new biography of the would-be Warhol assassin, author Breanne Fahs documents how the National Organization of Women fissured in the aftermath of the shooting. [42] In her 2014 biography of Solanas, Breanne Fahs argues that it is unlikely that she appeared at the Chelsea Hotel looking for Girodias, speculating that Girodias may have fabricated the account into order to boost sales for the SCUM Manifesto, which he had published. From a swimming scholarship to her favorite meal, here are some facts about the iconic TV and radio host. Meanwhile, Solanas had approached a young cop in Times Square. Coates turned the piece into a musical with an all-female cast. A family in Washington, D.C., adopted Solanass son, David. Upon her release, Solanas continued levying threats toward other publishing figures, landing her back in psychiatric care until 1975. Solanas became increasingly paranoid that both Girodias and Warhol were out to get her, eager to steal the rights to her manuscripts. And yet, her belief in her own exceptionalism mirrors much of contemporary culture, in which everyone from tech company founders to megachurch pastors believes that they alone have the calling and the power to change the world. He accepted the manuscript for review, told Solanas it was "well typed", and promised to read it. Valerie Shoots Andy (2001), by Carson Kreitzer, starred two actors playing a younger (Heather Grayson) and an older (Lynne McCollough) Solanas. '"[70] Heller also stated that Solanas could "reject mainstream liberal feminism for its blind adherence to cultural codes of feminine politeness and decorum which the SCUM Manifesto identifies as the source of women's debased social status. Meanwhile, Solanas had approached a young cop in Times Square. At this time, a Parisian publisher of censored works, Maurice Girodias, offered Solanas a contract which she interpreted as a conspiracy between him and Warhol to steal her future writings. Hun skrev SCUM-manifestet, en tekst der tilsyneladende tilskynder kvinder at "vlte regeringen, eliminere pengesystemet, indfre fuldstndig automatisering og destruere det mandlige kn". [75] In a corrective 1977 Village Voice interview, Solanas said the book would not be autobiographical other than a small portion and that it would be about many things, include proof of statements in the manifesto, and would "deal very intensively with the subject of bullshit," but she said nothing about parody. [62][63], The shooting of Warhol propelled Solanas into the public spotlight, prompting a flurry of commentary and opinions in the media. Her parents split by the time she was four, sending their two daughters to live with their grandparents in nearby Atlantic City before Valerie eventually reunited with her mother. To celebrate the sports superstar, here are seven facts about his life and iconic career. CELEBRITY GOSSIPY BIO. Taylor won Special Recognition for Outstanding Performance at the Sundance Film Festival for her role. Valerie Jean Solanas (April 9, 1936 - April 25, 1988) was an American radical feminist and author best known for writing the SCUM Manifesto, which she self-published in 1967, and attempting to murder Andy Warhol in 1968. Trading since 1879, Blackwell of Oxford is the largest academic and specialist bookseller in the UK. There she began writing the SCUM Manifesto, which urged women to "overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and eliminate the male sex.". Valerie Jean Solanas (April 9, 1936 - April 25, 1988) was an American radical feminist known for the SCUM Manifesto, which she self-published in 1967, and for her attempt to murder artist Andy Warhol in 1968. . Harry . The judge denied the motion and Solanas returned to Elmhurst. "[83][84], Actress Lili Taylor played Solanas in the film I Shot Andy Warhol (1996), which focused on Solanas's assassination attempt on Warhol (played by Jared Harris). "[21] The short story was published in Cavalier magazine in July 1966. And yet, marginality was everything to Solanas. By 1968, the Factory had moved from its original location at 241 East 47th Street in Manhattan to a loft on Union Square West. "'Shooting from the hip': Valerie Solanas, SCUM and the apocalyptic politics of radical feminism". [3], Because of her rebellious behavior, Solanas' mother sent her to be raised by her grandparents in 1949. Scars lined his abdomen, and he wore a surgical corset for the rest of his life. When she was aged 15, she left her grandparents and became homeless. Explore Valerie Solanas net worth, bio, age, height, family, wiki, birthday, career, salary [Last Update 2021]! While many of Warhol's superstars and sycophants enjoyed their 15 minutes of fame in the cocoon of their subculture, Solanas' name has quietly endured through the audacity of her actions, her unique writing voice and the tragic and bizarre recollections left in her wake. She died in 1988 of pneumonia in San Francisco. Solanas, a writer and women's rights activist, pushed feminism to radical new heights in 1967, when she founded the Society for Cutting Up Men (she was its only member) and self-published the. She became pregnant, reportedly by a US sailor, and the baby boy born on 31st March 1953 was named David and brought up by the Blackwells as their own child. On May 31, 1968, Solanas went to writer Paul Krassner to ask him for $50, which he loaned to her. In 1967, Solanas self-published her best-known work, the SCUM Manifesto, a scathing critique of patriarchal culture. I have nothing to regret! " Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag " is the seventh episode of the seventh season of the anthology television series American Horror Story. Her mother was an Italian-American of Genoan and Sicilian descent born in Philadelphia. Radical feminist Valerie Solanas shot Andy Warhol in 1968 over a play. "[47] In some instances, the police responded that "You can't arrest someone because you believe she is going to kill Andy Warhol," and even asked Feiden, "Listen lady, how would you know what a real gun looked like? Also Known As: Valerie Jean Solanas Died At Age: 52 Family: father: Louis Solanas mother: Dorothy Marie Biondo children: David Blackwell Born Country: United States Feminists American Women Died on: April 25, 1988 place of death: San Francisco, California, United States Ancestry: Spanish American, Italian American, Canadian American As she was leaving Feiden's residence, Solanas handed Feiden a partial copy of an earlier draft of the play and other personal papers. And she often said she wished shed seen the job through. As she formulated the ideas that would show up in her later works, Solanas was smitten by the allure of the bohemian lifestyle of the artists, poets and musicians who flocked to New York City's Greenwich Village, and she decided to join them in the summer of 1962. Valerie Solanas (Ventnor City, Nova Jersey, 1936 - San Francisco, 1988) era una psicloga estatunidenca coneguda per la seva obra com a guionista, dramaturga i escriptora, d'estil pop i transgressor i, en particular, com l'autora del Manifest de l'Organitzaci per a l'Extermini dels Homes.. Biografia. Solanas was an outsider among revolutionaries. She acted out in school: At the Holy Cross Academy, she once assaulted a nun. The child, named David (later David Blackwell by adoption), was taken away from Solanas and she never saw him again. Meanwhile, Solanas was also negotiating a contract with Maurice Girodias, a publisher who was potentially interested in her work (he became best-known for representing erotic literature, such as Vladimir Nabokovs 1955 masterpiece Lolita, that no one else would touch). The first time they met, in late 1967, Warhol thought she might be an undercover cop. Furthermore, she began to conflate Warhol who never returned the edition of Up Your Ass she sent years earlier and Girodias as men who were out to steal her ideas. Her parents split by the time she was four, sending their two daughters to live with. Discover Book Depository's huge selection of Valerie Solanas books online. In his 2001 essay The Simplest Surrealist Act: Valerie Solanas and the (Re)Assertion of Avantgarde Priorities, James M. Harding conjectures that Solanas meant the shooting as a radical artwork. [85] The film's director, Mary Harron, requested permission to use songs by The Velvet Underground but was denied by Lou Reed, who feared that Solanas would be glorified in the film. He also jokingly offered her a job at the Factory as a typist. Valerie Solanas is a Novelist, zodiac sign: Aries.Nationality: United States.Approx. She was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and pleaded guilty to "reckless assault with intent to harm," serving a three-year prison sentence, including treatment in a psychiatric hospital. He did, however, give her a role in his 1967 production I, a Man. (In fact, a vocal group of transgender activists and allies protested a 2013 San Francisco event planned to mark the 25thanniversary of Solanass death; the event was ultimately canceled.) The Paradox of Pluck: How Did Historical Fiction Become the New Feminist History? Valerie Solanas is one of the most polarizing figures of 1960s counterculture. It's been used in pop culture. Additionally, she calls for women to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation. Her writing exudes impassioned loathingbut its also laugh-out-loud funny, driven by a distinctly late-1960s voice that translates Summer-of-Love lingo into venom. Stridsberg was awarded the Nordic Council's Literature Prize for the book. The protagonist, Bongi, is an aggressive feminist who rejects mens advances with lines such as Get your apey hand off my boob, or Ill kick you in your big, fat, hairy shins and I remember the time I was stomping up and down on this masochists chest, and I had to charge him an extra ten bucks cause I broke em., In 1967, Solanas completed her most famous manuscript, The SCUM Manifesto. In the work, she asserts that the only way men can further civilization is to destroy themselves. Hello; Login; Help $ USD. On June 3, 1968, Valerie Solanas has an intimate encounter with a man in the back seat of a Dodge in some alley. She observed the man sex chromosomes are XY, and the feminine are XX. . The female function is to relate, groove, love and be herself, irreplaceable by anyone else; the male function is to produce sperm, she wrote. At the University of Maryland, College Park, Solanas supported herself by working in the psychology department's experimental animal laboratory and possibly through prostitution. Valerie Solanas and Andy Warhol first crossed paths during the Silver Factory days in 1965. New . I believe being sick is no excuse. 63, Summer 2014. She also found an outlet through contributions to the school paper, developing a reputation for letters that railed against sexism in a biting yet hilarious fashion. Valerie Jean Solanas was born April 9, 1936, to Dorothy and Louis Solanas of Ventnor City, New Jersey. Three years later, she would make her last visit to the Factory with the intention to shoot Warhol to death. She was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic and institutionalized until deemed fit to stand trial the following June, at which point she was sentenced to two more years in prison. Radical Feminists: A Guide to an American Subculture. SCUM Manifesto Quotes. In 1965, she finished a version of her infamous play, Up Your Ass, which boasts a colorful cast of wise-cracking characters. The authoritative biography of the 60s countercultural icon who wrote SCUM Manifesto, shot Andy Warhol, and made an unforgettable mark on feminist history. "[18][69], English professor Dana Heller argued that Solanas was "very much aware of feminist organizations and activism,"[70] but "had no interest in participating in what she often described as 'a civil disobedience luncheon club. Warhol thought the title of her play was amusing, and though her serious demeanor and spartan appearance clashed with the Factory aesthetic, she was invited to return. By 1968, the Factory had moved from its original location at 241 East 47th Street in Manhattan to a loft on Union Square West. Jenna Gribbon, Silver Tongue, 2019, The Example Article Title Longer Than The Line. The would-be assassin left the premises and ultimately turned herself in. It's been praised and denounced. She proclaimed that she was a writer and artist before she was any kind of political advocate. In June 2020, they started a series of obituaries on LGBTQ individuals, and on June 26, they profiled Solanas. She tried finding a producer for the play, even sending it to the city's resident celebrity artist, Andy Warhol (who she hadn't formally met yet), but no one wanted to touch the overtly lewd material. Second-wave feminist thinkers like Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and Vivian Gornick, street comrades like Ben Morea of the anarchist gang Up Against the Wall, Motherfuckers, and Solanass longtime boyfriend Louis Zwiren bring nuance and dimension to a public image that has long verged on caricature. Art dealers Leo Castelli and Ivan Karp made serious statements on Warhols legacy. She was a dangerously real product of a world hell-bent on treating women as mirrored distortions of the male ego, writes Fahs, and indeed, within the Factorys silver-lined walls Solanas was given about as much consideration as a stray wad of chewed gum. At Columbus Hospital, Warhol was declared clinically dead for two minutes. [56] The next morning, the New York Daily News ran the front-page headline: "Actress Shoots Andy Warhol." The assault became a key moment in pop-cultural history, reported in newspapers across the country. Amaya wasn't seriously hurt, but Warhol was rushed to the hospital with a ruptured stomach, liver, spleen,and lungs. According to official accounts, Solanas was well-aware that the assassination of Andy Warhol was nothing more than a publicity attempt. [74] In a 1977 Village Voice interview,[75] she announced a book with her name as the title. It is "not only a remarkable biographical feat but also a delicate navigation of an unwieldy, demanding, and complex life story" (BOMB Magazine). Valerie Solanas Net Worth is $12 Million Mini Biography Valerie Solanas, given birth to in 1936, had a years as a child of misuse. Love me to the 4th dimension, The Valerie Solanas in lockdown modus, v. Jan, 2020 Music. [59] Catherine Lord wrote that "the feminist movement would not have happened without Valerie Solanas. Solanas was born in 1936. This became a research problem, as many of Solanass contemporaries refused to be interviewed. I consider that a moral act. "The male is a biological accident: the Y (male) gene is an incomplete X (female) gene, that is, it has an incomplete set of chromosomes. "[94] Harding believed that Solanas' assassination attempt on Warhol was its own theatrical performance. In 1965, she wrote her SCUM Manifesto (its title bore an acronym for Society for Cutting Up Men), which said that men corrupt all human institutions, including moneyGreat Art, Culture Men, she wrote, define Great art as themselves. The only proper form of retribution would be to annihilate all men so as to get away from any form of sexual subservience. Instead, Warhol paid her $25 to appear in his film I, a Man (1967). Fahs believes that Solanas embraced these contradictions as a key part of her identity. Author James Martin Harding explained that, by declaring herself independent from Warhol, after her arrest she "aligned herself with the historical avant-garde's rejection of the traditional structures of bourgeois theater,"[93] and that her anti-patriarchal "militant hostility pushed the avant-garde in radically new directions. Valerie Solanas v Internet Movie Database (anglicky) BAER, Freddie, 1996. As Fahs wrote to Artsy, Solanas embodies much of what feminism tries to distance itself fromraw anger, mental illness, violence, fury, nastiness. Lili Taylor plays a sympathetic Solanas. Harron makes the case for SCUM as a wakeup call for female empowerment that predated the womens movement, Peter Travers wrote in his review. 2023 Art Media, LLC. During her brief tenure in Warhols orbit she had given him her manuscript for the play, and, whether through her miscommunication or promise, she actually believed he would produce it. Sacramento, CA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. Solanas reported that her grandfather was a violent alcoholic who often beat her. He was going to do something to me which would have ruined me. It was this year that Blackwell's friendship with Girshick culminated with them releasing their collaborated efforts in the form of the now classic book, Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions.Their book explored statistical evaluating procedures through decisions and game theory. She resurfaced later in the decade with a revised edition of The SCUM Manifesto and a contentious interview with The Village Voice, in which she boasted of being offered a $100 million advance to write her life story and called shooting Warhol a "moral issue.". "SCUM manifesto" 6 Copy quote A woman not only takes her identity and individuality for granted, but knows instinctively that the only wrong is to hurt others, and that the meaning of life is love. John Green. Its more comfortable to chalk her assault up to an individual mental illness than to situate her project within a larger wave of political dissident activities that were becoming increasingly ruthless in the late 1960s (often, to be fair, in response to the Vietnam War, as well as the violence the far-right perpetuated during the Civil Rights struggle). The book does a solid job of setting the stage for Solanass troubled life, with cobbled-together descriptions of a childhood marked by divorce, a heavy-drinking father who may or may not have sexually abused her, and a personality that simply did not mesh with what was expected of young ladies in the 1940s and 50s. She claimed to have never received payment for her role, though Warhol disagreed. Valerie Solanas (April 9, 1936 - April 25, 1988) is nothing if not divisive. "[62][63] Solanas was sentenced to three years in prison, with one year of time served. After Solanas dropped out of a psychology masters program at the University of Minnesota in 1959, she hitchhiked around the country, hung out in Berkeley, and ended up in the ultimate misfit mecca of her time: Manhattan. Bio gossipy. Breanne Fahss The Defiant Life of the Woman Who Wrote SCUM (and Shot Andy Warhol) is the first biography of Solanas, an attempt to piece together her controversial life in the context of the radical 1960s and 70s, when the womens liberation movement was splintering as quickly as it was flowering. Never one to miss an opportunity to transform life into artand fameWarhol literally exposed his scars to the press. She maintained that Warhol had lost the manuscript for, and that he offered to compensate with a part in the film, A dubious publishing contract with the unscrupulous publisher. [51] The phone rang and Warhol answered while Morrissey went to the bathroom. amerikai r, drmar, filmsznsz, rendez, prostitult s feminista.. Leginkbb a SCUM Manifesto miatt ismert, illetve amiatt, hogy 1968-ban megprblta meglni Andy Warholt.. Megkrte Warholt, hogy legyen az Up Your Ass cm szndarabjnak producere, de Warhol . In their estimation, the assailant had simply rebelled against The Man. But gradually, Solanas alienated her supporters one by one, and the extent of her illnessparanoid schizophrenialost her all potential friends. Contents 1 Early life 2 The SCUM Manifesto As a child, she wrote insults for children to use on one another, for the cost of a dime. State of California. The aggression was still there she was disciplined and ordered to counseling multiple times but Solanas continued to thrive academically and gained a few friends among the artsy-intellectual sect. She was declared "incompetent" in August and sent to Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. Valerie Solanas (9. april 1936 Ventor, New Jersey - 25. april 1988) var en amerikansk feminist og forfatter. Kapitola About Valerie Solanas, s. 48-57. She initially lived in a women's residence hotel on the Upper West Side and worked in a coffee house, but eventually became a Greenwich Village fixture without ever really finding a community. Famous Novelist Valerie Solanas was born on April 9, 1936 in New Jersey. "[55], At her arraignment in Manhattan Criminal Court, Solanas denied shooting Warhol because he wouldn't produce her play but said "it was for the opposite reason",[57] that "he has a legal claim on my works. Solanas became notorious around New York as she circulated her manifesto, held SCUM meetings (both women and masochistic men showed up), and networked in order to find a producer for her play. [67] According to Friedan, "the media continued to treat Ti-Grace as a leader of the women's movement, despite its repudiation of her. [87] Most recently, in 2011, Pop!, a musical by Maggie-Kate Coleman and Anna K. Jacobs, focused mainly on Warhol (played by Tom Story). "Valerie Solanas' SCUM Manifesto was written in 1967 and published in 1968, the year she shot and wounded Andy Warhol. Andy created women as offshoots of the male imagination, something Valerie could never (and would never) live up to, Fahs writes. ADVERTISEMENT Valerie Solanas - Bio, Age, Wiki, Facts and Family [9] In 1953, Solanas gave birth to a son, fathered by a married sailor. Valerie Solanas reveals the tragic, remarkable life of an iconic figure. [41] Krassner later speculated that Solanas could have used the money to buy the gun she used to shoot Warhol, as the shooting occurred just three days later. She remained at the hotel for three hours before heading to the Grove Press, where she asked for Barney Rosset, who was also not available. Valerie Solanas nasqu l'any 1936 a Ventnor City, New Jersey. Despite . [29][30], Some authors have argued that the Manifesto is a parody and satirical work targeting patriarchy and, according to Harding, Solanas described herself as "a social propagandist,"[31] but she denied that the work was "a put on"[32] and insisted that her intent was "dead serious. Valerie Solanas (1971). In the wake of her attempt on Warhols life, Solanas became the catalyst for seismic fractures within the National Organization for Women. Fahs doesnt condone Solanass crime, but she does believe that discussing anger and violence is crucial for anyone studying oppressed peoples. She asserts that Solanass ideas remain plenty relevant today. [76] The book, possibly intended as a parody, was supposed to deal with the "conspiracy" that led to her imprisonment. Definitions of Valerie_Solanas, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Valerie_Solanas, analogical dictionary of Valerie_Solanas (English) [11] Fahs also brings into question the contradictory stories of Solanas' life. While living at the Chelsea Hotel, Solanas introduced herself to Girodias, a fellow resident of the hotel. Solanass writing in both Up Your Ass and the SCUM Manifesto was so prescient that theres no doubt that she would want at least partial credit for everything from the rise of Queer Studies to the wry lampooning of handwringing articles about whether women can really have it all. Why don't you tell me a little about yourself. To some, it was a radical feminist call to arms; to others, an obvious, attention-seeking attempt at satire. Solanas had a turbulent childhood, reportedly suffering sexual abuse from both her father and grandfather, and experiencing a volatile relationship with her mother and stepfather. Its interesting that Fahss account of those final yearsself-mutilating on the street in Phoenix and dying a lonely death in a San Francisco welfare hotelare so viscerally presented, given the spotty biographical information available. Valerie Solanas yelling while under guard Escort, 1968. She noticed the male sex chromosomes are XY, and the female are XX. After graduating with a degree in psychology from the University of Maryland, College Park, Solanas relocated to Berkeley. (Society for Cutting Up Men) Manifesto. The manifesto is called, The SCUM Manifesto., Why the Hazy, Luminous Landscapes of Tonalism Resonate Today, Vivian Springfords Hypnotic Paintings Are Making a Splash in the Art Market, The 6 Artists of Chicagos Electrifying 60s Art Group the Hairy Who, Jenna Gribbon, Luncheon on the grass, a recurring dream, 2020. Two years later, the writer completed her calling card, The SCUM Manifesto. [3][5] She had a younger sister, Judith Arlene Solanas Martinez. [40] She told Paul Morrissey that "everything I write will be his. [43], Fahs states that "the more likely story places Valerie at the Actors Studio at 432 West Forty-Fourth Street early that morning." 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