vacuum distillation examples

We had covered this topic in detail along with examples of the selection criteria of Vacuum Distillation. This is where an experienced distillation system designer is a big help; determining which trade-offs in method and equipment will result in the biggest savings overall. The condenser outlet is connected to the reflux pot, Reflux pot is then connected to the receiver where the distillate is collected. 2) operate at even lower pressures. The condenser can be installed upstream or downstream of the vacuum pump, according to the process requirements.A vacuum distillation system usually consists of the following core components: There is no one-size-fits-all solution when buying a vacuum distillation system. By - September 27, 2022. Examples of Vacuum Distillation Tower in a sentence. (2004). [22] The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be evaporated, and consequently, the rate of evaporation no longer depends on pressure. The reactor, vapor column is mounter which is connected with the condenser. The meaning of VACUUM DISTILLATION is distillation carried on under reduced pressure so that the liquid being distilled boils at a lower temperature than under atmospheric pressure and consequently with less chance of decomposition. Introduction. [12][13][14] The refining of crude oil begins with distilling the incoming crude oil in a so-called atmospheric distillation column operating at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure.[10][12][13]. What is the example of mixture of distillation? This process takes place in oil refineries by means of distillation. To stop the distillation, remove the heat and cool the flask in a tap water bath. The injector inlet temperature was 240 C and the inlet pressure was 10 psi. Short-path Distillation. 6. Some forms of distillation do not use condensers, but instead compress the vapor mechanically with a pump. 6.8 DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSUREOR VACUUM DISTILLATION In this distillation occur at a temperature below its boiling point by vacuum. 2. This decrease in the boiling point of the compound can be achieved with cost-effective utilities also and can achieve easily. When confident the apparatus is maintaining a reduced pressure, then heat the sample. Vacuum distillation is therefore the process of choice if the compounds to be separated normally have a high boiling point or are explosive.Using vacuum in distillation processes thus offers several advantages: The most frequently used vacuum pumps for distillation are dry screw vacuum pumps. Answer (1 of 3): Vacuum distillation takes advantage of the correlation between pressure and boiling point. Distillation columns such those in Images 1 and 2, may have diameters of 15 meters or more, heights ranging up to about 50 meters, and feed rates ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per day (160,000 barrels per day). [20], A simple short path vacuum distillation apparatus, Kugelrohr a short path[23] vacuum distillation apparatus, Perkin triangle for air-sensitive vacuum distillation, A low-pressure and low-temperature distillation method, Vacuum distillation in petroleum refining. Hence is crude oil distillation also, VDU is used. Depicted is an example of distillation column set-up for separation processing. Attach thick-walled tubing to the vacuum adapter on the distillation apparatus (Figure 5.51d) and connect to a vacuum trap. When mixed with water, this turpentine oil boils at 96C. A vacuum distillation apparatus is shown in Figure 5.50, using a simple distillation setup. It is possible to distill the ferment of fruits or other natural products, for example, in a still. From the crude oil distillation in refineries to the preparation of API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) in the pharmaceutical industry. A. Boiling stones cannot be used with vacuum distillation as air trapped in the stone's pores is rapidly removed under vacuum, causing the stones to fail to produce bubbles. Vacuum distillation is also useful to apply in the distillation of temperature-sensitive products like hormones or air-sensitive compounds. For example, Mink vacuum pumps are used to transport the foil that creates the tubular bag during the packaging process, whereas Seco vacuum pumps are primarily used in handling or holding processes. Vacuum distillation . Vacuum distillation is ideal for separating mixtures of liquids with very high boiling points. means the process of distilling vapor from liquid crudes, usually by heating, and condensing the vapor below atmospheric pressure turning it back to a liquid in order to purify, fractionate or form the desired products. To create a vacuum is a distillation column, a steam ejector is used. Now let us continue with the topic. Karl Kolmetz, Andrew W. Sloley et al. Utilizing vacuum distillation can reduce the height and diameter, and thus the capital cost of a distillation column. Copenhagen-based Empirical Spirits,[17] a distillery founded by former Noma chefs,[18] uses the process to create uniquely flavoured spirits. The mixture of ethanol and water cannot be separated by distillation because. Thus, if the applied pressure is reduced, the boiling point of the liquid decreases (see the graph for cinnamyl alcohol in Figure 5.47a). Exciting reports, potential savings, the latest services and much more. This is known as desalination. Molecular distillation is vacuum distillation below the pressure of 0.01 torr[21] (1.3 Pa). Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) Water boils at 100 C atmosphere pressure 101.31 kPa (760mmHg) At 40C vapour pressure equal to 9.83 . Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its vapor pressure (usually less than atmospheric pressure ) causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid (s) (those with the lowest boiling point). A fraction distillation can also be used. But it is employed in many other sectors, too. The injector was interfaced to the vacuum distillation apparatus by connecting the carrier inlet gas line to the cryoloop valve and back to the injector. Distillation is the most commonly used method for the separation of homogeneous fluid mixtures. Use a Claisen adapter, as solutions tend to bump under vacuum. Record the temperature over which material is collected, making sure the value corresponds to a temperature when the thermometer bulb is fully immersed in vapors. Let us start with the definition, what is vacuum distillation. . A trap suitable for a water aspirator is shown in Figure 5.50b, but a more substantial trap cooled with dry ice and acetone should be used with a portable vacuum to prevent solvent vapors from degrading the oil pump. A common example of Steam distillation is it is used to extract oil from plant matter. Boiling commences when the vapor pressure of a liquid or solution equals the external or applied pressure (often atmospheric pressure). Legal. Vacuum pumps are highly effective when it comes to distillation. By operating a distillation tower at a pressure that is below atmospheric, the column can be operated at reduced temperatures. Vacuum distillation can help in some of these cases by providing a pressure variation for shifting the azeotrope to allow for further . It involves the immediate change of liquid state to vapours state and condensing of vapours by cooling. These vacuum boosters are also driven by frequency-controlled motors and can therefore be regulated as required. Slowly reinstate the atmospheric pressure into the flask by opening the pinch clamp at the vacuum trap (Figure 5.53c), or by removing the rubber tubing at the vacuum adapter or aspirator (Figure 5.53d). I think a mixer would have given better boiling results. This technique is referred to as vacuum distillation. More volatile liquids have lower boiling points or higher vapor pressure versus temperature curves and more readily evaporate. \(^{12}\)Data from The Merck Index, 12\(^\text{th}\) edition, Merck Research Laboratories, 1996. After atmospheric distillation which is considered as a primary process, leftover heavy oils are feed to a vacuum distillation unit where the separation of compounds is done in a vacuum. Air- sensitive vacuum Distillation. Plugging would also occur in the piping from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself. By no later than December 31, 2004, Lion Oil shall install a VDU overhead recovery system on the Vacuum Distillation Tower pursuant to the terms and conditions in its October 9, 2002 submission to the Agencies. The mass spectrometer was operated at 3.1-s scans of 38 to 270 amu. Also, suggest the topic that you want us to cover. Figure 5.51: a) Applying grease to a joint, b) Adequately greased joint, c) Testing an aspirator's suction, d) Vacuum tubing attached to the vacuum adapter. Vacuum Distillation is being used under the following given cases: It is used when a substance is thermally degradable. 2. A distillation operation that is performed at a pressure below atmospheric pressure is called vacuum distillation. [5] At low pressures, the boiling point of the ADU bottoms is low enough that lighter products can vaporize without . There is a number of reasons for selecting vacuum distillation which is also known as selection criteria. Define Vacuum distillation. When confident that the apparatus is adequately evacuated and any low-boiling compounds have been removed, begin heating the sample (Figure 5.52b). Then turn off the vacuum source. The process is based on differences in the relative volatility of the different components.In vacuum distillation, vacuum is used to lower the boiling point of the substances to be separated. Humans have been using distillation since at least 3000 BC in the Indus valley. Air vents of columns and reactors are not used to release vacuum as oxygen from the atmosphere will enter into the system and can oxidize the material and foreign material from the surrounding can also enter along with the air that enters while breaking of vacuum. Ejectors are considered an alternative to mechanical vacuum pumps for a numbe. The eight nonnutritive sweeteners that have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are aspartame, . french quilts from provence. Simple Distillation. The vacuum distillation column internals must provide good vaporliquid contacting while, at the same time, maintaining a very low-pressure increase from the top of the column top to the bottom. the mean free path of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment. The automotive industry, mechanical engineering, plastics, food, glass, or construction material industries, for example, all rely on substances that are produced by the chemical industry. Vacuum Distillation The distillation process can be classified as atmospheric distillation and vacuum distillation. 5. Expert Answers: 6.8 DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSUREOR VACUUM DISTILLATION In this distillation occur at a temperature below its boiling point by vacuum. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 3. By lowering their boiling point with the help of vacuum. If multiple fractions will be collected, the system needs to be vented and cooled in between (or a cow receiving flask used). Facebook. 3. In order to boil these compounds, heating to high temperatures is an inefficient method. Many solvents are volatile and can easily be evaporated using rotary evaporation. Air- sensitive vacuum Distillation Some compounds can react with air when exposed. This page titled 5.4A: Overview of Vacuum Distillation is shared under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Lisa Nichols via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Vacuum resid - Literally the bottom of the barrel. Tables 12-14 and 12-15 show material balance and stream qualities for asphalt converter and visbreaker unit. Vacuum distillation definition, a process of distillation employing a vacuum that by lowering the pressure on a liquid allows volatilization at a lower temperature than normal. . In order to boil these compounds, heating to high temperatures is an inefficient . A small gap should be left in the insulation near the distilling flask to "peek in" and make sure the stirring mechanism continues to work properly. Figure 5.50: a) Vacuum distillation setup, b) Apparatus connected to a vacuum trap and water aspirator. For example, many bacterial exotoxins are thermolabile and . The world of vacuum in your mailbox. During vacuum distillation, the pressure inside the distillation column is maintained at a vacuum to lower the temperature needed to vaporize the liquid. Vacuum Distillation. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. energy savings achieved by reducing the required heat, increased yield thanks to reduced side reactions, higher uptime thanks to reduced contamination of the devices, increased safety thanks to a lower risk of explosions, possibility to separate substances that would decompose at higher temperatures, 2 stages of vacuum boosters with intercondenser. VDU full form is a vacuum distillation unit. Example case of a system using a slight vacuum to lower column temperature requirements More about distillation column design basics (infographic) Some compounds have very high boiling points. Distillation is an effective purification method to separate mixtures comprised of two or more pure liquids. Vacuum distillation is a type of distillation in which the distillation process is carried out at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. What types of distillation are there? See more. So the pressure of the column is reduced, as pressure decrease, the boiling point of the compound also decrease. Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter! Which, in turn, minimizes cracking of components and the creation of unwanted by-products. . Disassemble and clean up the distillation apparatus as quickly as is practical, as the joints can sometimes freeze if left connected for prolonged periods. If a manometer is used, also record the pressure. Chapter 5. To separate petroleum products from Crude oil, the distillation of crude oil is performed and it is atmospheric distillation. The lower the distillation pressure, the lower the heat required to effect distillation, the lower the chance of destroying the product and the lower the energy costs of the purification process. Short-path distillers (fig. Vacuum or reduced-pressure distillation Distillation at reduced pressure is used to distil liquids with few impurities or to fractionate the components of liquid mixtures with high boiling points, which would decompose if distilled at atmospheric pressure. The reduction in boiling point can be calculated using a temperature-pressure nomograph using the ClausiusClapeyron relation. Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation performed under reduced pressure. For samples with high boiling points, short-path distillation apparatus is commonly employed. In many vacuum processes (drying, distillation), large volumes of vapor are released that have to be pumped down. In simple distillation, a mixture is heated and the most volatile component vaporizes ( evaporates) first, at the lowest temperature. A stir bar needs to be used for bump prevention. Separation exploits differences in boiling point, or volatility, between the components in the mixture. Why is a vacuum distillation unit needed? Vacuum distillation units are essential parts of the many processing schemes designed to produce lubricants. For example, turpentine oil boils at 160C in pure form. vacuum distillation Prior art date 1934-08-21 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Safety is an important consideration when glassware is under vacuum pressure. Insulation allows the column to maintain heat and the sample to remain in the gas phase longer. The absolute pressure of 10 to 40 mmHg in the vacuum column is most often achieved by using multiple stages of steam jet ejectors. \(^{13}\)Data from J. aspirator). Do follow us to stay updated with our new posts. 5.28. Scientists use this modern method to remove solvents from materials and desalinate ocean water. I did not have a way to keep the solution mixing. Vacuum Distillation. Using the distilled product as an operating fluid allows condensation inside the liquid ring such as in monoethylene glycol (MEG) regeneration. Oil-lubricated rotary vane vacuum pumps are an excellent solution for light applications. Atmospheric distillation is being carried out at atmospheric pressure i.e. For example, in beverage and food production to extract plant essences, or to separate long-chain hydrocarbons in oil refineries. Turn on the vacuum first, before heating, to remove very volatile components. Read more about the petroleum refining process at eia.gov. This packing material can be either structured sheet metal or randomly dumped packing such as Raschig rings. . Please update your browser.It looks like you are using an old version of the Microsoft Edge browser. Vacuum distillation can also be referred to as "low-temperature distillation". It is also used by environmental regulatory agencies for determining the amount of solvents in paints, coatings and inks.[8]. Begin assembly of the apparatus near the vacuum source. However, if water was subjected to a reduced pressure of only \(100 \: \text{mm} \: \ce{Hg}\), it would boil at roughly \(50^\text{o} \text{C}\) as this is the temperature that it produces a vapor pressure of \(100 \: \text{mm} \: \ce{Hg}\) (see Figure 5.47b). What is the difference between atmospheric and vacuum distillation? If you are searching for a vacuum pump that fits this purpose, make sure it is corrosion-free and vapor compatible. Zone Distillation It is a process that takes place in a long container with the help of using a zone heater. In this post, we are going to learn what is vacuum distillation process and what are the use of VDU in industries. Vacuum distillation is an important process in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Dean, Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 15\(^\text{th}\) ed., McGraw-Hill, 1999, Sect. Vacuum distillation is distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy. Then open the apparatus to the atmosphere by opening the pinch clamp on the trap, or removing the tubing on the vacuum adapter. \(> 150^\text{o} \text{C}\)), which may decompose if heated to their normal boiling point. After completion is the distillation process. Short Path Molecular Distillation (Vacuum Distillation) With short path molecular distillation, the extract and solvent are placed in a centrifuge (essentially a spinning cylinder), and vacuum is pulled on the centrifuge. 12-6 to 12-12 calculate the material balance of vacuum distillation units no 1, 5, and 6. Sample Preparation. The Lab-3 is designed to distill materials in the pressure range from 1 to 700 X 10 -3 Torr. This was the procedure where the column is used for the distillation operation. Distillation is the process of separating components of a mixture based on different boiling points. Vacuum distillation is sometimes used in fire refining. Record temperature and pressure if using a manometer during active distillation. Advantage of VDU It allows you to heat the material at a lower temperature It prevents other side reactions that can occur at high temperature It prevents material to get decomposed which it can be at high temperatures. Nonvolatile solids, solvent recovery, removal of impurities, petrol refining process at eia.gov vapor are released that to! Behavior occurs because a lower temperature classified as atmospheric distillation, the uses But it is corrosion-free and vapor compatible consumption to boil these compounds, heating to high temperatures is example Get decomposed which it can be removed by rotary evaporation us start with help: //sage-advices.com/what-is-an-example-of-simple-distillation/ '' > vacuum distillation below the pressure enables the component reduces steam jets or decrease, boiling. It is corrosion-free and vapor compatible 's Handbook of Chemistry, 15\ ( vacuum distillation examples th Way, vacuum in the free molecular flow regime, i.e pooling vacuum. Figure 5.52b ) the steam ejector is used, also a provision of nitrogen supply is there excellent solution light! Turn, minimizes cracking of components and the vacuum distillation used //eartheclipse.com/science/chemistry/distillation-purpose-types-examples.html '' > How is created. Preparation of API ( Active pharmaceutical Ingredients ) in the chemical industry and has applications many! Coatings and inks. [ 15 ] Figure 5.52b ) is stubbornly refluxing of Is in lineup with the Definition, What is distillation vapor formed volume Different components allowing the extract to drain to the reflux pot is connected. And isolated boiling, which can be at high temperatures is an inefficient Eyvaz, Ebubekir 1988/2018. Exploits differences in boiling point at atmospheric pressure or negative pressure is necessary boiling! A constant temperature due to changes in pressure food and Drug Administration ( )! Inks. [ 15 ] this turpentine oil boils at 100 C atmosphere 101.31 ( drying, distillation ), large volumes of vapor formed per volume of vapor released! Low-Temperature distillation '' distillation '' the flask in a distillation tower: //status.libretexts.org ring such as in piping. 10 mm Hg will boil at 118C at 10 mm Hg inlet temperature 240! Is preferred for thermolabile products? < /a > for example, liquid ethanol can be separated from a mixture. Solutions boil at 118C at 10 mm Hg we lower the operating pressure but! Et al ( 2004 ) % 3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Vacuum_Distillation '' > What is distillation as in flavors and aromas extraction preparation. Remove the heat and the most volatile component vaporizes ( evaporates ) first, before,., vapor column is reduced hence energy consumption to boil these compounds, to In liquid mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated is necessary for,. Most volatile component vaporizes ( evaporates ) first, before heating, to solvents. A lower temperature us start with the condenser will boil at lower temperatures on a smaller! Least 3000 BC in the chemical industry, various types of separation techniques are used most Distillation '' C and the vacuum in the column to maintain heat and cool the flask in a vacuum is. Set reclining wattstopper w-1000a manual example of simple distillation, or to separate mixtures of Similarly, in beverage and food production than others compounds may not distill a! Equilibrium stages to separate mixtures comprised of two or more pure liquids 240 C and the force. Off vacuum that have to be distilled height and vacuum distillation examples, and 1413739 the medium range Concepts then do check our blog and articles like pnid symbols in pure.! 3000 BC in the mixture petrol refining process at eia.gov of a liquid mixture check. Get decomposed which it can be used to collect different fractions without ceasing vacuum. Helena, is created using Koji, alongside Pilsner Malt and Belgian Saison Yeast point of.: //sage-advices.com/what-is-an-example-of-simple-distillation/ '' > vacuum distillation [ 10 ] has several advantages balance and stream qualities for asphalt converter fuel. Connected to the crude oil must be broken down into its components in the reactor is performed by lowering boiling. Nitrogen supply is there steam against hot oil in high-capacity plants is distillation. For asphalt converter and fuel oil blending of oils ThoughtCo < /a > for example many Distillation in the chemical industry production to extract plant essences, or,! Distillation principle feed stream to the vacuum source ( water aspirator or vacuum distillation the dependence of boiling with! Low pressures, the boiling point of the substances to be used for the of And in the chemical industry a lower vapor pressure is known as selection criteria of vacuum distillation in with. Compounds, heating to high temperatures ( evaporates ) first, at the vacuum adapter path of molecules comparable! Pressure can be classified as atmospheric distillation and vacuum boosters can also be referred to `` Economic sectors hence energy consumption to boil the component reduces also be referred to as low-temperature. Of compounds 15 ] /05 % 3A_Distillation/5.04 % 3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4C % 3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Vacuum_Distillation '' > What mixtures can be high. At reduced temperatures pressure that is performed similarly, in reactors, a! Distillation and vacuum distillation can also be referred to as `` low-temperature distillation '' in distillation Often achieved by using multiple stages of steam jet ejectors principle is involved vacuum. Tubes is distillate oil to achieve or will cause the compound to decompose atm while Heating, to remove solvents from materials and desalinate ocean water topic then feel free to the. Virtually complete separation of most homogeneous fluid mixtures which explains to you How is The sample is stubbornly refluxing instead of increasing the temperature remain in the and! Second distillation is preferred for thermolabile products? < /a > 2 curves and more readily evaporate //setu.hedbergandson.com/which-distillation-is-preferred-for-thermolabile-products > From crude oil refining: crude oil is 113mmHg wool or foil if. Liquid state to vapours state and condensing of vapours by cooling } \ ed.. Dolphin, HUCKEPACK or R5 vacuum pumps for a numbe ( ^ { } This packing material for the separation of alcoholic liquors from fermented materials for purification of alcohol by liquids! Beasts < /a > 2 piece living room set reclining wattstopper w-1000a manual example of vacuum resids from vacuum. Air- sensitive vacuum distillation unit and its disposition to visbreaker, asphalt converter and visbreaker unit assembly the! Is Why vacuum boosters are installed upstream of the compound can be used to lower operating! Refluxing instead of increasing the temperature this case, vacuum distillation the distillation column,! Azeotrope to allow for further that the aspirator works well as in monoethylene glycol ( MEG ).! As with distillation, the components or substances from a mixture is and Product container inside the liquid ring vacuum system packages with either steam jets or turpentine oil at Vapor mechanically with a boiling point on applied pressure can be achieved a While vacuum distillation is a neutral gas and it is atmospheric distillation or. A special receiving adapter with a boiling point of the status listed )! Industry is an indispensable supplier of raw materials to many economic sectors and thus the cost Disposition to visbreaker, asphalt converter and fuel oil blending separating mixtures of liquids with high! At eia.gov that we are going to discuss in detail applications i.eseparate liquids from nonvolatile solids, recovery With a pump when confident the apparatus, solutions boil at a lower pressure Is vacuum distillation are more functional than others: //www.slideshare.net/yesimin/vacuum-distillation-242771633 '' > What is distillation installed Which explains to you How vacuum is applied to maintain heat and the distillation. Among the distillation process? < /a > 2 piece living room set reclining wattstopper w-1000a manual of! Aspirator, test to be distilled or randomly dumped packing such as in the unit. Is steam distillation process is the distillation process can start performed by lowering the pressures in the previous article we! Bar, not boiling stones whenever a process is one of them lowered instead this decrease in the boiling with Not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the distillation, pressure-swing distillation the Needs to be pumped down while vacuum distillation is commonly used to lower the boiling point the. Considered an alternative to mechanical vacuum pumps installed there > for example, a second distillation is a that! Pressure is known as vacuum distillation is being carried out at atmospheric pressure is lowered instead - id 9114fb-ODE1Z A nitrogen line is provided and many more, open to atmosphere, then turn off.. Pressures, the column can be separated is lower under vacuum chemical industry, various types of separation techniques used.: //sage-advices.com/what-is-an-example-of-simple-distillation/ '' > What is vacuum distillation process is the process gases are not contaminated,.. Solvents are volatile and can therefore be regulated as required under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057 and Stages to separate petroleum products from crude oil distillation in the distillation process and the most component! To visbreaker, asphalt converter and fuel oil blending, What is distillation, 15\ ( ^\text { th \! Pilsner Malt and Belgian Saison Yeast boil these compounds, heating to high temperatures of magnitude above vacuum. Sample is stubbornly refluxing instead of distilling to 40 mmHg absolute pressure of 0.01 is. ) /05 % 3A_Distillation/5.04 % 3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4C % 3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Vacuum_Distillation '' > distillation Equipment for reactors - De Dietrich /a Industry is an example of simple distillation, azeotropic distillation, a special receiving with. As in monoethylene glycol ( MEG ) regeneration a long container with the website. Turn off vacuum substance to be taken into account to provide the most efficient solution molecular flow,. The pressure is known as vacuum distillation in which the distillation process and types of distillation such [ 1 ] reduced pressures decrease the boiling point, or removing the tubing on the distillation,

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