A research team led by Yale University's Anthony Leiserowitz, conducted an audience segmentation analysis in 2011 for India"Global Warming's Six Indias",[105] The 2011 study broke down the Indian public into six distinct audience groups based on climate change beliefs, attitudes, risk perceptions and policy preferences: informed (19%), experienced (24%), undecided (15%), unconcerned (15%), indifferent (11%), and the disengaged (16%). The Mongols were said to have raped the surviving soldiers at the command of their leader. Reference to a chapter in an edited book: Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 2009. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. [103] The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not obligate them to file criminal charges against the perpetrator. Please do not convert the .docx template to another file type. CUSTOMER SERVICE: Change of address (except Japan): 14700 Citicorp Drive, Bldg. [207] In the Soviet Union, women were kidnapped by German forces for prostitution as well; one report by the International Military Tribunal writes "in the city of Smolensk the German Command opened a brothel for officers in one of the hotels into which hundreds of women and girls were driven; they were mercilessly dragged down the street by their arms and hair. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault,[23] while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape a form of sexual violence. [149] At that time the government report has expressed documented the year-on-year increase in attrition of reported rape cases, and pledged to address this "justice gap". Research also suggests that men with sexually aggressive peers have a higher chance of reporting coercive or forced sexual intercourse outside gang circles than men without such sexually aggressive peers. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author. Corresponding author. [26][27] Scotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rape. There is strong evidence of policy diffusion, which is when a policy is made it is influenced by the policy choices made elsewhere.This can have a positive effect on climate legislation. [56] Authors who feel their English language manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English may wish to use the English Language Editing service available from Elsevier's Author Services. Autonomy can also be defined from a human resources perspective, where it denotes a (relatively high) level of discretion granted to an employee in This shows that people's views on climate change tend to align with the people they voted for. [34], In Great Britain, a movement of by women known as "birthstrikers" advocates for refraining from procreation until the possibility of "climate breakdown and civilisation collapse" is averted. [117] In the US, federal funding is available to cover the cost of abortion services for pregnancies that occur as a result of rape, even in states that do not offer public-funding for abortion services. Codes of Conduct and Ethics; Support my teachers' registration. The "Learn" environment at Researcher Academy offers several interactive modules, webinars, downloadable guides and resources to guide you through the process of writing for research and going through peer review. Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without their consent.The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability, or is (2002). [30], In general, there is a substantial variation in the direction in which demographic traits, like age or gender, correlate with climate change concern. The World Health Organization recommends[113][114][115] offering prompt access to emergency contraceptive medications which can significantly reduce risk of an undesired pregnancy if used within 5 days of rape;[116] it is estimated that about 5% of male-on-female rapes result in pregnancy. Use SurveyMonkey to drive your business forward by using our free online survey tool to capture the voices and opinions of the people who matter most to you. To facilitate this, please include the following separately:Title page (with author details): This should include the title, authors' names, affiliations, acknowledgements and any Declaration of Interest statement, and a complete address for the corresponding author including an e-mail address.Anonymized manuscript (no author details): The main body of the paper (including the references, figures, tables and any acknowledgements) should not include any identifying information, such as the authors' names or affiliations. 38% believe that climate change is a very serious problem and 26% believe that climate change is harming people now. [103] The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provides valid results. This conforms with the theory of motivated reasoning: Evidence consistent with prior beliefs is viewed as strong and, on politically salient issues, people strive to bring their opinions into conformance with those who share their political identity". It is strongly advised that you modify this template to draft a project-specific informed consent document for your study for IRB review and approval. Using colposcopy has increased the detection of internal trauma from six percent to fifty-three percent. [55] Sexually aggressive behavior among young men has been correlated with gang or group membership as well as having other delinquent peers. [23] In Europe, individuals who have attained a higher level of education perceive climate change as a serious threat. Aims and Scope Environmental Impact Assessment Review is a refereed, interdisciplinary journal serving an global audience of practitioners, policymakers and academics. According to a 2015 article published in Environmental Politics, while most Americans were aware of climate change, only 2% of respondents ranked the environment as the top issue in the US. Groups of references can be listed either first alphabetically, then chronologically, or vice versa. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. Several treatment options exist and vary by accessibility, cost, or whether or not insurance coverage exists for the treatment. This can be perpetrated by the rapist, friends, or relatives of the rapist. Informed consent is a principle in medical ethics and medical law, that a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care.Pertinent information may include risks and benefits of treatments, alternative treatments, the patient's role in treatment, and their right to refuse treatment.In most systems, healthcare A 2010 study by David Lisak, Lori Gardinier and other researchers published in the journal of Violence against Women found that out of 136 cases reported in a ten-year period, 5.9% were found likely to be false. [74] This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. If your data is unavailable to access or unsuitable to post, you will have the opportunity to indicate why during the submission process, for example by stating that the research data is confidential. HIV can also be contracted through the oral route but this is considered rare. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal's usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups. We suggest using alternatives that are more appropriate and (self-) explanatory such as "primary", "secondary", "blocklist" and "allowlist". Equally, the Tanzanian context have highlighted the types, challenges and management strategies, causes and effects of risks in construction projects, Phoya et al. [128], A 2016 Gallup poll found that 64% of Americans were worried about global warming, that 59% believed that global warming was already happening, and 65% were convinced that global warming was caused by human activities. In the US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. To verify compliance, your article may be checked by Crossref Similarity Check and other originality or duplicate checking software. Climate change opinion is the aggregate of public opinion held by the adult population. Many rape victims blame themselves. To request such a change, the Editor must receive the following from the corresponding author: (a) the reason for the change in author list and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. Case studies are welcome if they explicitly demonstrate innovative theory or practice, but only in that context. "[129][132] With regard to campus sexual assault, nearly two thirds of students reported knowing victims of rape, and in one study over half reported knowing perpetrators of sexual assault; one in ten reported knowing a victim of rape; and nearly one in four reported knowing a victim of alcohol-facilitated rape. [23], An online survey on environmental questions conducted in 20 countries by Ipsos MORI, "Global Trends 2014", shows broad agreement, especially on climate change and if it is caused by humans, though the U.S. ranked lowest with 54% agreement. Using citation plug-ins from these products, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article, after which citations and bibliographies will be automatically formatted in the journal's style. Preferred fonts: Arial (or Helvetica), Times New Roman (or Times), Symbol, Courier. [134] Support for national leadership addressing climate change has also diminished. Submission checklist You can use this list to carry out a final check of your submission before you send it to the journal for review. [72] Denial is not uncommon. It was under this statute rather than the adultery statute of Lex Iulia de adulteriis that Rome prosecuted this crime. In the industrialized countries of North America, Europe, and Japan, 67% or more knew about it (97% in the U.S., 99% in Japan); in developing countries, especially in Africa, fewer than a quarter knew about it, although many had noticed local weather changes. It is strongly advised that you modify this template to draft a project-specific informed consent document for your study for IRB review and approval. A key component of any risk assessment should be the relevant regulatory requirements, such as Sarbanes-Oxley, HIPAA, the US Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and the European Data Protection Directive. [148], In the United Kingdom, in 1970, there was a 33% rate of conviction, while by 1985 there was a 24% conviction rate for rape trials in the UK; by 2004, the conviction rate reached 5%. [40] The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in its landmark 1998 judgment used a definition of rape that did not use the word 'consent': "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive."[41]. Please note that individual figure files larger than 10 MB must be uploaded separately. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. [66] Climate solutions presented to the public and the private sector have focused on bringing visual learning and practical everyday actions designed to promote further engagement such as community members conducting climate change tours and mapping the trees in their neighborhood.[67]. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article. Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. [145] Her rapist went on to assault several more women before being identified. Infos Utiles The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia considered rape as a crime that required coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third person. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that capture the novel results of your research as well as new methods that were used during the study (if any). Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) v0.88 (Version 0.88). Math formulae Please submit math equations as editable text and not as images. Articles and reviews of current literature are normally expected to be in the range 5,000-8,000 words in length (including tables, figures and reference lists). Latin America and developed countries in Asia led the belief that climate change was a result of human activities, while Africa, parts of Asia and the Middle East, and countries from the Former Soviet Union led in the opposite. This may be a requirement of your funding body or institution. [49][50] In 2010, an article in Current Sociology, said that the linear model of policy-making, based on a more knowledge we have, the better the political response will be was said to have not been working and was in the meantime rejected by sociology.[51]. Sharing your preprints e.g. Some Clues Emerge", "Do international factors influence the passage of climate change legislation? Offprints The corresponding author will, at no cost, receive a customized Share Link providing 50 days free access to the final published version of the article on ScienceDirect. [84], The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, as of 2007, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61%, and those believing that the popular media was understating the issue remained at about 35%. [173], From the classical antiquity of Greece and Rome into the Colonial period, rape along with arson, treason and murder was a capital offense. [72][73] Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. In China in 2008, 77% of those who lived in urban areas were aware of global warming compared to 52% in rural areas. [27] However an increase in awareness does not always result in an increase in perceived threat. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. [75], A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies. The general impression was that the public wanted more policies to be implemented, and demanded more from policy makers. [33] Men are also less likely to believe that climate change is human caused or that there is a consensus message talking about the issues of climate change among scientists. The Gallup Organization aggregated opinion from the adult population fifteen years of age and older, either through the telephone or personal interviews, and in both rural and urban areas except in areas where the safety of interviewer was threatened and in scarcely populated islands. People that have bigger incomes in the states of Washington. Text created by the government department responsible for the subject matter of the Act to explain what the Act sets out to achieve and to make the Act accessible to readers who are not legally qualified. Overall, 64% of respondents believed climate change was an emergency. Add [dataset] immediately before the reference so we can properly identify it as a data reference. Maintaining the chain of evidence from the medical examination, testing, and tissue sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence. Cookie Notice [108] When rape results in pregnancy, abortion pills can be safely and effectively used to end a pregnancy up to 10 weeks from the last menstrual period. Its finding suggested a growing concern for climate change. In a corporation, a stakeholder is a member of "groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist", as defined in the first usage of the word in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford Research Institute.The theory was later developed and championed by R. Edward Freeman in the 1980s. The report indicated a widespread public awareness, concern, and desire for greater action among all regions of the world. (Translated from Norwegian to English) Liv Jorun Andenes and Amalie Kvame Holm: Sheldon Ungar Climatic Change February 1999, Volume 41, Issue 2, pp. [140], Risk factors vary among different ethnicities in the United States. Use of DOI is highly encouraged. 3, Hagerstown, MD 21742; phone 800-638-3030; fax 301-223-2400. If quoting directly from a previously published method, use quotation marks and also cite the source. Data references This journal encourages you to cite underlying or relevant datasets in your manuscript by citing them in your text and including a data reference in your Reference List. [124], In a January 2013 survey, Pew found that 69% of Americans say there is solid evidence that the Earth's average temperature has gotten warmer over the past few decades, up six points since November 2011 and 12 points since 2009. Public opinion is dynamic, changing over time due to personal, social, political, economic, and environmental factors. Classified medically as a mental and behavioral disorder, the experience of depression affects a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings, and sense of well-being. [112], Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent.
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